CHAPTER 22: PRISONERS IN A GILDED CAGE
1
My understanding of Francisco Franco’s complicated alliance with Adolf Hitler during World War II was informed by four sources: Willard L. Beaulac, Franco: Silent Ally in World War II (Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986); Wayne H. Bowen, Spain during World War II (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2006); Charles B. Burdick, Germany’s Military Strategy and Spain in World War II, (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1968); and Herbert Feis, The Spanish Story: Franco and the Nations at War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948).
2
Beaulac, Franco: Silent Ally in World War II, p. 205.
3
Ambassador Carlton Hayes cable to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, January 15, 1943, published as Document 544, “The Ambassador in Spain (Hayes) to the Secretary of State,” in E. Ralph Perkins and N. O. Sappington, eds., Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, Europe, Vol. II (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1964).
4
Details of Ben Kuroki’s internment in Spain with thirteen 93rd Bomb Group airmen are drawn from Bill Kubota’s previously cited interviews with Ben Kuroki, Homer Moran, and Edward Weir. Also see Stewart, Ted’s Travelling Circus, pp. 103–10.
5
Stewart, Ted’s Travelling Circus, pp. 106–7.
6
Ambassador Carlton Hayes cable to Secretary of State Cordell Hull, January 15, 1943, as Document 544, “The Ambassador in Spain (Hayes) to the Secretary of State,” and Document 546, “The Chargé in Spain (Beaulac) to the Secretary of State,” in Perkins and Sappington, eds., FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, Europe, Vol. II.
7
Homer Moran interview with Bill Kubota, September 5, 1990.
CHAPTER 23: TUPELO LASS
1
James Parton diary entry for March 27, 1943, James Parton Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2
Ralph G. Martin, Boy from Nebraska, p. 134. I’ve drawn additional details about the near-crash from the Epting crew’s after-mission debriefing comments in the crew’s sortie report for the May 29, 1943, mission to La Pallice, France, found in the 93rd Bomb Group records, RG 18, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA II), College Park, Maryland.
3
I found this notation on the Epting crew’s sortie report for the May 29, 1943, mission to La Pallice, France, in the National Archives. 93rd Bomb Group Records, RG 18, NARA II.
CHAPTER 24: SPECIAL ORDERS NUMBER 174
1
James Dugan and Carroll Stewart, Ploesti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of 1 August 1943 (New York: Random House, 1962), pp. 44–45; Stewart, Ted’s Travelling Circus, pp. 127–28. At the time the Dugan-Stewart book was published in 1962, the name of the Romanian city was spelled “Ploesti.” It is now Ploiesti.
2
Edward Sand diary entries for June 6, 7, 10, and 14, 1943. Author’s collection.
3
William Gros, author interview, October 13, 1991.
4
Robert Lovett to General Henry H. Arnold, memoranda dated June 18 and 19, 1943, Ira Eaker Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
5
General Henry H. Arnold to General Barney M. Giles, directive dated June 22, 1943, Henry (Hap) Arnold Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
6
“Squadron History—June 1943,” 328th Squadron records, July 13, 1944. Author’s collection.
CHAPTER 25: THE BIG ONE
1
Brutus Hamilton diary entry for June 27, 1943, 330th Squadron, 93rd Bomb Group Records. Author’s collection.
2
Edward Sand diary entry for June 27, 1943. Author’s collection.
