36. Jonathan Allen, “New York to Deploy 750 National Guard Soldiers to Check Bags on Subway,” Reuters, March 8, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-deploy-750-national-guard-soldiers-check-bags-subway-2024-03-06/.
37. Mara Gay, “The National Guard Might Make Subway Riders Feel Safer,” New York Times, March 6, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/03/05/opinion/thepoint/nyc-subway-crime-national-guard?smid=url-share.
38. Zachary Faria, “The Hypocrisy of Hochul’s National Guard Theatre Is Shameless,” Washington Examiner, March 7, 2024, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/beltway-confidential/2908621/the-hypocrisy-of-hochuls-national-guard-theater-is-shameless/.
39. Georgia Worrell, Rich Calder, “Gov. Kathy Hochul Claims National Guard Subway Plan ‘Working as Expected,’ Even after Man Shot with Own Gun on Train,” New York Post, March 16, 2024, https://nypost.com/2024/03/16/us-news/hochul-national-guard-subway-plan-working-as-we-expected/.
40. David Mastio, “USA Today Demoted Me for a Tweet—Because Its Woke Newsrooms Are Out of Touch with Readers,” New York Post, June 23, 2022, https://nypost.com/2022/06/23/usa-today-demoted-me-for-a-tweet-because-the-companys-woke-newsrooms-are-out-of-touch-with-readers/.
41. Andy Meek, “Fox News Channel Has Now Spent 20 Years in the #1 Spot on the Cable News Rankings,” Forbes, February 1, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/andymeek/2022/02/01/fox-news-channel-has-now-spent-20-years-in-the-1-spot-on-the-cable-news-rankings/.
42. Brian Flood, “Fox News Channel Crushes Cable Competition in 2023, Finishes as Most-Watched Network for the 8th Straight Year,” Fox News, December 14, 2023, https://www.foxnews.com/media/fox-news-channel-crushes-competition-2023-finishes-most-watched-network-eighth-straight-year.
43. Mark Joyella, “Fox News Channel Makes History: 22 Consecutive Years at Number One,” Forbes, January 30, 2024, https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2024/01/30/fox-news-channel-makes-history-as-it-marks-22-consecutive-years-at-number-one/.
44. Lexi Lonas, “More Democrats Watch Fox News during Prime Time than CNN: Data,” Hill, November 4, 2021, https://thehill.com/homenews/media/580171-more-democrats-watch-fox-news-during-primetime-than-cnndata/.
45. Caleb Howe, “Fox News Beats Cable and Broadcast Rivals as News Source Voters ‘Most Often Turn To’—NYT/Sienna Poll,” Mediaite, December 21, 2023, https://www.mediaite.com/news/fox-news-beats-cable-and-broadcast-rivals-as-news-source-voters-most-often-turn-to-nyt-sienna-poll/.
Chapter 8: Manipulating Reality
1. John F. Kennedy, “Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the Voice of America,” Papers of John F. Kennedy, Presidential Papers, President’s Office Files, February 26, 1962, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/037/JFKPOF-037-02.
2. Ibid.
3. “Soviet Influence at WWII Voice of America,” Cold War Radio Museum, December 2, 2019, https://www.coldwarradiomuseum.com/communist-mata-hari-at-wwii-voice-of-america/.
4. Ted Lipien, “Beware of Government Propaganda Experts,” VOA80, June 10, 2022, https://www.voa80.com/2022/06/10/beware-of-government-propaganda-experts/.
5. Ibid.
6. Edward R. Murrow, “A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy,” See It Now, CBS TV, March 9, 1954, http://www.plosin.com/beatbegins/archive/Murrow540309.htm.
7. “Aug. 31, 1920: News Radio Makes News,” Wired, August 21, 2018, https://www.wired.com/2010/08/0831first-radio-news-broadcast/.
8. “Herb Morrison: Hindenburg Disaster 1937,” National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=5.
9. David Shedden, “Today in Media History: Hindenburg Explodes and a Reporter Cries Out, ‘Oh, the Humanity,’” Poynter Institute, May 6, 2015, https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2015/today-in-media-history-hindenburg-explodes-and-a-reporter-cries-out-oh-the-humanity/.
10. Cary O’Dell, “Crash of the Hindenburg (Herbert Morrison, reporting) (May 6, 1937),” Library of Congress, 2002, https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/Hindenburg.pdf.
11. “Orson Welles’s ‘War of the Worlds’ Radio Play Is Broadcast,” History Channel, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation.
12. Peter Tonguette, “The Fake News of Orson Welles,” Humanities 39, no. 4 (Fall 2018), https://www.neh.gov/article/fake-news-orson-welles-war-worlds-80.
13. Ibid.
14. Khaleda Rahman, “Black Lives Matter Chicago Organizer Defends Looting: ‘That’s Reparations,’” Newsweek, August 12, 2020, https://www.newsweek.com/black-lives-matter-chicago-defends-looting-reparations-1524502.
15. Tim Haines, “MSNBC’s Ali Velshi Downplays Riot in Front of Burning Building: ‘Mostly a Protest,’ ‘Not Generally Speaking Unruly,’” RealClearPolitics, May 28, 2020, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2020/05/28/msnbcs_ali_velshi_downplays_riot_in_front_of_burning_building_mostly_a_protest_not_generally_speaking_unruly.html.
16. Christine Rosen, “Mostly Peaceful: The Birth of an Excuse,” Commentary, October 2020, https://www.commentary.org/articles/christine-rosen/media-excuse-destructive-violent-riots/.
17. William Glaberson, “Increasingly, Reporters Say They’re Democrats,” New York Times, November 18, 1992, https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/18/us/increasingly-reporters-say-they-re-democrats.html.
18. Editorial Board, “Pretty Much All of Journalism Now Leans Left, Study Shows,” Investors Business Daily, November 16, 2018, https://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/media-bias-left-study/.
19. Isaac Schorr, “Study Finds That Just 3.4% of American Journalists Are Republicans,” Mediaite, December 27, 2023, https://www.mediaite.com/news/study-finds-that-just-3-4-of-american-journalists-are-republicans/.
20. Axios “media trust” headline search, retrieved at https://www.axios.com/results?q=media%20trust.
21. Brian Flood, “CNN, MSNBC’s Ratings Collapse Due to ‘Serious Credibility Problem’ Covering Biden, Experts Say,” Fox News, June 29, 2021, https://www.foxnews.com/media/cnn-msnbc-serious-credibility-problem.
22. Feliz Salmon, “Media Trust Hits New Low,” Axios, January 21, 2021, https://www.axios.com/2021/01/21/media-trust-crisis.
23. David Bauder and the Associated Press, “Trust in Media Is So Low That Half of Americans Now Believe That News Organizations Deliberately Mislead,” Fortune, February 15, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/02/15/trust-in-media-low-misinform-mislead-biased-republicans-democrats-poll-gallup/.
24. Mark Joyella, “CNN’s Ratings Collapse: Prime Time Down Nearly 70% in Key Demo,” Forbes, February 21, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2022/02/21/cnns-ratings-collapse-prime-time-down-nearly-70-in-key-demo/.
25. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America, 50th Anniversary Edition (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
26. Ibid., 19.
27. Ibid., 39.
28. Ibid., 35.
29. Thomas David Kehoe, “Thirteen Similarities between Donald Trump and Adolf Hitler,” Medium, September 18, 2020, https://tdkehoe.medium.com/thirteen-similarities-between-donald-trump-and-adolf-hitler-3a97a8055dde.