42 Broder interviews, 10/2/2009 and 4/12/2010; Mark Feldstein, memorandum to JHB: “Nixon advisor Herbert Klein wrote that Pearson’s decision not to air [in 1968] the rumor of Nixon’s psychiatric treatment probably saved the presidency for Nixon. It seems equally likely that exposing Nixon’s “Greek Connection” would have been just as pivotal. For while financial impropriety may be more complicated to understand than mental illness, Nixon’s previous “slush fund” and Howard Hughes scandals would have made yet another, similar pecuniary one seem more believable, reinforcing the worst of Nixon’s image.” Mark Feldstein, memorandum to JHB “Re: Nixon & Demetracopoulos,” 8/29/2013. Klein’s “would have changed the results” statement is from his book at 412 and discussed in Feldstein, 95–9; Karen Tumulty, “Obama struggles to get beyond a scandal trifecta,” WP, 5/15/2013: “The most corrosive political scandals are the ones that feed a preexisting story line.”
43 Aloysius Farrell, “Yes, Nixon Scuttled the Vietnamese Peace Talks,” Politico Magazine, 6/9/2014; W. W. Rostow, “Memorandum for the Record,” 5/14/1973, LBJL
44 Healy also credited Princeton political scientist and campaign finance specialist Herbert Alexander with providing him tips concerning Pappas fundraising from Greek and Greek-American sources in 1968. In 1971, Alexander provided then–Associated Press reporter James R. Polk with a similar tip on Greek-American donors who contributed to a 1968 Agnew dinner in a Chicago suburb and discovered their names “attached to identical amounts, which apparently they did not give to a separate Nixon-Agnew committee…” The source of those duplicate donations remains a mystery…” “False Campaign Money.” Polk letter to JHB, 12/27/2011
45 Healy, interviews, 10/2/2009 and 11/2009; http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2010/06/07/robert_l_healy_at_84_globe_editor_columnist_political_insider/
46 Lydon, interview, 9/28/2009
47 Kapenstein notebooks, JFKL
48 Charles Claffey, interview, 10/2009, Healy, interview, op. cit. Note also that less than a year before, The Boston Globe, in a 11/3/1967 editorial, had specifically championed the cause of “persecuted” exile EPD (“distinguished editor and foe of the present military government”) and endorsed the call for a congressional investigation to ascertain “why the Greek junta has so much influence with our State Department and a staunchly pro-American refugee editor has so little.” But in October 1968 no one told Winship that the source of the charges about Pappas injecting Greek money into the US election was the same EPD.
49 Christopher Lydon, “Thomas Pappas: Portrait of a Wealthy Immigrant, Political Kingmaker,” Boston Globe, 10/31/1968, 21
50 Ibid.
51 “Statement Made by the Greek Political Editor in Exile, Mr. Elias P. Demetracopoulos, on Thursday, October 31, 1968, Washington, D.C. at 6 PM,” EPDP
52 WP, 11/1/1968
53 Feldstein memorandum to Barron, op. cit., “In the fall of 1968, Pearson and Anderson tried desperately to prevent a Nixon victory by publishing one exposé after another but none of them hit their mark.” Drew Pearson Papers (G281) LBJL; William G. Helis, Jr., letter to Pearson, October 18, 1968, re: Pappas denial of Greek shipowner involvement in Nixon campaign and other Greek-American fundraising activities; Kapenstein notebooks re: sending Agnew material to Pearson, 10/10/1968, JFKL
54 Westebbe, interview, 8/12/2014
55 Mark Feldstein, “Memorandum to Jim Barron re: Nixon & Demetracopoulos,” 8/29/2013
56 Whitten, interviews, 2011–2012
57 Feldstein email to JHB, op. cit., 4. When reports surfaced in 1975 about Agnew’s support for the junta and Greek money in the election, Robert B. Lin wrote LTE Philadelphia Inquirer (7/30/1975): “If these revelations had been revealed in 1968, we wouldn’t have had a Vice President and President forced to resign their offices, because neither would have been elected.”
58 Robert Dallek, “Three New Revelations About LBJ,” The Atlantic, April 1998. “Johnson wanted something to use against Nixon if the Nixon Justice Department started to comb the Johnson Administration for scandal, and Nixon’s Greek connection would serve that purpose handsomely.” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/04/three-new-revelations-about-lbj/377094/
59 Lawrence O’Brien, papers in LBJL and JFKL
60 Norman Sherman, email and interviews, 1/22/2014
61 Jack Anderson with Les Whitten, footnote to United Feature Syndicate column, 6/24/1975; later, “O’Brien denied suppressing information, suggesting he lacked supporting evidence,” Norman Kempster, “Break-in Held Effort to Hide Nixon’s Money Link to Greece,” Los Angeles Times, 8/1/1990
62 Richard Helms, corrected transcript of his Kutler interview in Stanley I. Kutler papers in Univ. of Wisconsin (Madison) archives. Pappas proudly told Apogevmatini in July 1968 that he “worked for the CIA anytime [his] help was requested.” In 1983, EPD told an interviewer, “It would be inconceivable for Tom Pappas to have done this transaction and not to have notified his CIA contacts.” W. Dale Nelson, AP, 6/2/1983. EPD later specifically referred to Greek-American CIA agents in Athens as Pappas’s frequent local contacts.
63 Healy, interview, op. cit.
64 Kapenstein, 1968 campaign diary, JFKL
65 Fraser, interviews and emails, 9/2014
66 Hersh (Price), 138–9; Hersh interviews, including 12/1/2013
67 Robert Healy interviews with JHB discussing Healy’s earlier conversations with campaign finance expert Herbert Alexander; https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/americas-laws-have-always-left-its-politics-vulnerable-to-foreign-influence/2019/10/18/3fb7db62-f0f3-11e9-89eb-ec56cd414732_story.html
68 Dallek, Camelot’s Court, 113; Baker, 141, 254
69 According to EPD, Louise Gore gave this information to him.
70 Kutler (Wars), 208
19: FIGHTING THE DICTATORSHIP
1 FBI memorandum, 10/23/1968; letters from Republican New York senators Jacob Javits (1/24/1969) and Charles E. Goodell (4/1/1969) to INS district director Lewis Barton
2 Early in the Nixon Administration, EPD described its “encouraging start on the explosive issue of Greece’s military dictatorship,” praising Secretary of State Rogers for going “well beyond any comments of his predecessor” in expressing concern about junta tortures and violations of civil liberties. LTE, NYT, 4/27/1969
3 Memo from RN to Bob Haldeman re: Drew Pearson columns, 1/15/1969, RMNL, WH Special Files Collection, box 1, folder 43; memoranda, RN to Kissinger and Haldeman, 1/15/1969; Kissinger to Haldeman, 1/15/1969 re: scheduling early RN appointment with Tom Pappas; Draenos, “Exile Politics,” 63
4 Letter from Deputy Chief of Mission in Greece (McClelland) to Country Director for Greek Affairs (Brewster), FRUS, XXIX, 1969–1976, doc. 239
5 Staude party, details EPDP
6 CIA 5/6/1969
7 Moskos, 108
8 “Pyrros, “Memories of the Anti-Junta Years,” The Pyrros Papers, 6/19/1991, Special Collections Library, LaBadie Collection, Greek Junta, University of Michigan
9 Letter from Margaret Papandreou to EPD, 4/6/1969
10 Draenos, “Exile Politics,” 57
