2
Yoshito “Yosh” Kuromiya quoted in Susan H. Kamei, When Can We Go Back to America? Voices of Japanese American Incarceration During WWII (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021), pp. 8–11.
3
Yoshito “Yosh” Kuromiya quoted in Kamei, When Can We Go Back to America?, pp. 8–11.
4
Biographical information on Hisamitsu (James) Kuromiya and Hana Tada Kuromiya and their children is drawn from US federal census records for 1920, 1930, and 1940 and other documents. These include the federal immigration and naturalization records of Hisamitsu and Hana Kuroyima, the World War I draft registration records of Hisamitsu (by then known as James), the World War II draft registration documents of Yoshito and his older brother Hiroshi, and federal records generated in the Kuromiya family’s incarceration during World War II. Yosh Kuromiya’s memoir Beyond the Betrayal, edited by the imminent historian Arthur Hansen, was indispensable in my understanding of the ordeal experienced by the Kuromiya family.
5
United States. (n.d.), Personal Justice Denied: Public Hearings of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment 1981, pp. 42–44. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from http://gdc.gale.com/archivesunbound/.
6
Ibid.
7
Martha Nakagawa, “Yosh Kuromiya, Who Resisted Wartime Draft from Heart Mountain Camp, Dies,” Nichi Bei Weekly, August 2, 2018.
8
Masaoka with Hosokawa, They Call Me Moses Masaoka, p. 71.
9
Ibid., pp. 74–76.
10
Yosh Kuromiya essay, “The Winters of Heart Mountain,” dated June 27, 2000, and published in Kuromiya’s memoir, Beyond the Betrayal, pp. 52–53.
11
Description of life at the Heart Mountain camp is drawn primarily from these sources: Yosh Kuromiya’s memoir Beyond the Betrayal; Douglas W. Nelson’s definitive work Heart Mountain: The History of An American Concentration Camp (Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1976); Mieko Matsumoto’s article on Heart Mountain for the Densho Encyclopedia (“Heart Mountain,” Densho Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Heart_Mountain/); and the Heart Mountain National Historic Landmark and Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation website (https://www.heartmountain.org/history/life-in-the-camp/).
12
Arthur A. Hansen, Barbed Voices: Oral History, Resistance, and the World War II Japanese American Social Disaster (Louisville, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 2018), pp. 33–36.
13
“American Japanese Can Join Army Now,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 29, 1943, p. 4.
14
Richard Reeve, Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese American Internment in World War II (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015), p. 159.
15
Barbara Takei, “Tule Lake,” Densho Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Tule_Lake/.
16
Details of Yosh Kuromiya’s story are drawn from the following sources: Kuromiya’s memoir, Beyond the Betrayal; Frank Abe’s documentary film Conscience and the Constitution; the film’s Resisters.com website, accessed at https://resisters.com/conscience/the_story/characters/kuromiya_yosh.html; and Martha Nakagawa’s obituary, “Yosh Kuromiya, Who Resisted Wartime Draft from Heart Mountain Camp, Dies,” published in the Nichi Bei Weekly, August 2, 2018, and accessed online at https://www.nichibei.org/2018/08/yosh-kuromiya-who-resisted-wartime-draft-from-heart-mountain-camp-dies/.
17
Martha Nakagawa, “Yosh Kuromiya, Who Resisted Wartime Draft from Heart Mountain Camp, Dies.”
18
Reeve, Infamy, p. 157.
19
Ibid.
20
“In Memoriam: Yosh Kuromiya (1923–2018),” Kokoro Kara: Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation newsletter, Summer 2018, p. 6.
CHAPTER 38: COMMONWEALTH CLUB
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