* The lieutenant’s father, Edward J. O’Hare, was once Al Capone’s lawyer and confidant, but it was O’Hare’s tip-off to the Internal Revenue Service that led to the gangster’s indictment. It was also O’Hare who revealed the jury had been bribed, which sent Capone to prison. The senior O’Hare was assassinated in 1939.
* In Butch’s honor, the USS O’Hare (DD-889) was commissioned in 1945, and in 1949 Chicago’s Orchard-Depot Airport was renamed O’Hare International Airport.
* The chemical factory area is now the headquarters to the ADECA Corporation, and the site of the Kinukawa Power Plant is now a sewage treatment facility. The block where his last bombs impacted is now a kindergarten.
* There is no evidence of such a camp at Cape Inubo, though the Hiraoka Sub-Camp 3 lay some four miles inland near the confluence of the Hirachitone and Tone Rivers. Another possibility, though unlikely based on York’s timing, is that Plane 8 came ashore farther north near Joban. Two camps, Shimomago and Hitachi, were in that area by 1944, but their status in 1942 is unconfirmed.
† Lake Kitaura and Kasumigaura Bay.
* Mount Tsukuba.
* It was not a military installation but rather the Mizumoto Primary School, and the quick burst accidentally killed a fourteen-year-old student named Minosuke Ishide.
* These were the Naka and Hoki Rivers, not the Kinukawa. Plane 8 exited the Yamizo Mountains twenty miles north of the intended target area. York and Emmens never realized this, and always assumed they struck Utsunomiya as planned.
* The Hoki River.
* Mount Nantai.
* These were Kawasaki Ki-61s, a newly fielded Imperial Army Air Service fighter. Japanese designs favored air-cooled radial engines, but the “Tony,” as it became known, used a liquid-cooled inline engine. With its rounded wingtips and pointed nose, the Tony resembled the German fighter, and its sudden appearance gave cause to much speculation.
* The Daishi Bridge connecting Tokyo to Kawasaki.
† Nippon Kako Company, currently the Nippon Yakin Kogyo Company.
* Mount Nantai and Mount Nyoho.
† Mount Echigo.
* Very likely at the confluence of the Nagatori and Sabaishi Rivers, approximately five miles east of Kashiwazaki on Honshu’s northwestern coast.
† Kashiwazaki lies on the southern edge of the Nugata oil fields and the Nippon oil refinery in this city was the largest in this section of Japan. This complex, later identified as target number 1,649 by the U.S. Army Air Force, was nearly seven hundred yards long and two hundred yards wide with at least six chimney stacks. The Niigata Iron Works, which constructed small naval craft and had a pair of smokestacks, lay three hundred yards west, next to the U River. Somewhat ironically, both complexes were separated by a candy factory.
* By comparison, the other fifteen modified bombers could use 1,300 rpm, twenty-five inches of manifold pressure, and reduce their fuel burn to sixty-three gallons per hour.
* Edo Bay became Tokyo Bay in 1868. Incidentally, Ted Lawson, Davey Jones, and Dean Hallmark overflew this exact spot in 1942 while inbound to their targets.
* A “false flag” operation is designed to disguise an act by shifting responsibility to another party. In this case, the Finns had already moved their artillery away from the border, and Mainila was quite out of range. Helsinki requested a neutral investigation, which Moscow refused. Declassified post-Soviet documents, namely the papers of Andrei Zhdanov, reveal the incident was orchestrated by the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).
† Shostakovich later disowned the work, and it was not played in its entirety until 2001.
* In 1943 the U.S. Eighth Air Force raided Schweinfurt, Germany, to destroy the SKF ball bearing manufacturing facilities and other targets. Over 130 bombers were lost, and some 200 were heavily damaged, at the cost of over 1,100 Americans dead, wounded, or missing. It is considered likely that SKF warned its German subsidiary of the raid in order to protect its financial interests, and again SKF Philadelphia made up the loss in production.
* The Twenty-Second Amendment, which limits a president to two terms, would not become law until March 1947.
† These were combat deaths. Another 63,114 men died from other causes, mostly influenza, bringing the total to 116,516 dead Americans.
* This would increase fivefold in 1942 to 764,415, and by 1944 the Army Air Force’s strength reached 2,372,292.
† Over two dozen Kawasaki and Mitsubishi fighters, bombers, and trainers were produced using American-made machine tools.
* Translated as “Military Police Corps” the Kempeitai functioned similarly to the Soviet NKVD and Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), carrying out surveillance of all types and brutal interrogations of anyone it chose, including suspected spies, dissidents, and prisoners of war.
* Etorofu was renamed Iturup following the 1945 Soviet occupation.
* On three occasions, Tokyo offered Moscow an exchange for Sorge but was denied each time. The Soviets refused to acknowledge he was their agent, and he would eventually be hung on November 7, 1944. Hanako Ishii, Sorge’s lover, eventually retrieved his gold bridgework from his corpse and had it made into a ring that she wore the rest of her life.
* Deluged by angry reporters, Rankin had to flee to a cloakroom until the Capitol Police could escort her out. She did not run for reelection in 1942.
* The area today is covered by the Sandpiper Golf Course.
* Cape Povorotnyy.
† Very likely Po-2 trainers. Thousands were built by Polikarpov from 1927 all through the war.
‡ Partizanskaya River.
* A Polikarpov I-15 “Seagull,” widely used by both the Soviet Air Force and Soviet Naval Aviation.
* Canada’s Eldorado Gold Mines, Ltd., in Port Hope, Ontario, would provide much of the uranium used to construct the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in August 1945.
* Also commonly referred to as the Tizard Mission, after Sir Henry Thomas Tizard, chairman of the Aeronautical Research Committee that first developed a workable radar system.
* Approximately $88 billion in 2023.
* Among other legislation, Fish introduced Resolution 67 to the 66th Congress that established the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington Cemetery.
* With the exception of Ford Motors. Henry Ford, an ardent admirer of Adolf Hitler, refused to fill orders for delivery to Britain until the United States entered the war in December 1941.
