“share some user data”: Catherine Roberts, “These Period Tracker Apps Say They Put Privacy First. Here’s What We Found,” Consumer Reports, May 25, 2022, consumerreports.org/​health/​health-privacy/​period-tracker-apps-privacy-a2278134145/.

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federal safeguards for patient privacy: It’s better in Europe, though. One reason I decided to use Clue’s app is that the company that developed it is based in Germany, where it’s subject to stricter regulations. The company follows the same EU restrictions for every person using the app, including those in the United States. Clue also makes it easy for users to understand how it shares users’ information—its privacy policy is light on jargon and broken down into readable chunks—and lets people opt out of having their data shared.

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just 1 percent: McKinsey & Company, “Unlocking Opportunities in Women’s Healthcare,” 2022, mckinsey.com/​industries/​healthcare/​our-insights/​unlocking-opportunities-in-womens-healthcare.

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“And here lies the”: Alisha Haridasani Gupta and Natasha Singer, “Your App Knows You Got Your Period. Guess Who It Told?,” New York Times, January 28, 2021, nytimes.com/​2021/​01/​28/​us/​period-apps-health-technology-women-privacy.html.

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“I thought how simple”: Bonhams, “Voices of the 20th Century,” auction in New York, June 16, 2015, bonhams.com/​auction/​22407/​lot/​37/​crane-margaret-inventorthe-first-home-pregnancy-test-original-predictor-home-pregnancy-test-prototype-1968/.

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“Unlike medical tests that reveal”: Cari Romm, “Before There Were Home Pregnancy Tests,” The Atlantic, June 17, 2015, theatlantic.com/​health/​archive/​2015/​06/​history-home-pregnancy-test/​396077/.

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“Regardless of who”: Romm, “Before There Were Home Pregnancy Tests.”

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“a private little revolution”: “The Thin Blue Line: The History of the Pregnancy Test,” National Institutes of Health, accessed August 8, 2022, history.nih.gov/​display/​history/​Pregnancy+Test+-+A+Thin+Blue+Line+The+History+of+the+Pregnancy+Test.

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“I feel that the reputations”: P. A. Entwistle, “Do-It-Yourself Pregnancy Tests: The Tip of the Iceberg,” American Journal of Public Health 66, no. 11 (1976): 1108–1109, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC1653504/​pdf/​amjph00498-0064c.pdf.

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can impact AMH and suppress follicle count: Scott M. Nelson, Benjamin J. Ewing, Piotr S. Gromski, and Sharon F. Briggs, “Contraceptive-Specific Antimüllerian Hormone Values in Reproductive-Age Women: A Population Study of 42,684 Women,” Fertility and Sterility 119, no. 6 (2023): 1069–1077, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.fertnstert.2023.02.019.

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AMH testing: “What Low AMH Means and How It Affects Fertility,” Ro, last modified April 27, 2021, ro.co/​health-guide/​how-does-low-amh-affect-fertility.

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AMH does not reveal: Anne Z. Steiner, David Pritchard, Frank Z. Stanczyk, James S. Kesner, Juliana W. Meadows, Amy H. Herring, and Donna D. Baird, “Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age,” Journal of the American Medical Association 318, no. 14 (2017): 1367–1376, doi.org/​doi:10.1001/​jama.2017.14588.

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“These tests are”: Julia Belluz, “The Fertility Testing Racket Just Got Debunked by Science,” Vox, October 11, 2017, vox.com/​science-and-health/​2017/​10/​11/​16453714/​ovarian-reserve-test-science-results-fertility.

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“fertile as hell”: “I Tested My Fertility Hormones and Discovered I Had Low AMH at Age 29. It Changed My Life,” Ro, last modified April 21, 2021, ro.co/​fertility/​caroline-lunny-fertility-story.

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but several studies have concluded: Yao Lu, Yuan Wang, Ting Zhang, Guiquan Wang, Yaqiong He, Steven R. Lindheim, Zhangsheng Yu, and Yun Sun, “Effect of Pretreatment Oral Contraceptives on Fresh and Cumulative Live Birth In Vitro Fertilization Outcomes in Ovulatory Women,” Fertility and Sterility 114, no. 4 (2020): 779–786, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.fertnstert.2020.05.021.

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Chapter 7

“We all knew that”: Grace Paley, Just As I Thought (New York: Macmillan, 1999), 13.

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twenty-four states restrict: Brooke Whitfield, Elsa Vizcarra, Asha Dane’el, Lina Palomares, Graci D’Amore, Julie Maslowsky, and Kari White, “Minors’ Experiences Accessing Confidential Contraception in Texas,” Journal of Adolescent Health 72, no. 4 (2023): 591–598, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.jadohealth.2022.11.230.

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a stark difference: “Parental Consent and Notice for Contraceptives Threatens Teen Health and Constitutional Rights,” Center for Reproductive Rights, November 1, 2006, reproductiverights.org/​parental-consent-and-notice-for-contraceptives-threatens-teen-health-and-constitutional-rights/.

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about one in ten: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15–49: United States, 2017–2019,” 2020, cdc.gov/​nchs/​products/​databriefs/​db388.htm.

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“Taught that their anatomy”: Janice P. Nimura, “Why ‘Unwell Women’ Have Gone Misdiagnosed for Centuries,” New York Times, June 8, 2021, nytimes.com/​2021/​06/​08/​books/​review/​unwell-women-elinor-cleghorn.html.

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50 percent of reproductive-age women: Lisbet S. Lundsberg, Lubna Pal, Aileen M. Gariepy, Xiao Xu, Micheline C. Chu, and Jessica L. Illuzzi, “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Conception and Fertility: A Population-Based Survey Among Reproductive-Age United States Women,” Fertility and Sterility 101, no. 3 (2014): 767–774.E2, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.fertnstert.2013.12.006.

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“We found that 40 percent”: “The Science of Baby-Making Still a Mystery for Many Women,” YaleNews, January 27, 2014, Yale Office of Public Affairs and Communications, news.yale.edu/​2014/​01/​27/​science-baby-making-still-mystery-many-women.

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less than one-third: The survey concluded that the OB/GYNs’ limited consultation time and their limited knowledge were among the most frequently reported barriers when counseling patients about reproductive aging. Rani Fritz, Susan Klugman, Harry Lieman, Jay Schulkin, Laura Taouk, Neko Castleberry, and Erkan Buyuk, “Counseling Patients on Reproductive Aging and Elective Fertility Preservation—A Survey of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Experience, Approach, and Knowledge,” Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 35, no. 9 (2018): 1613–1621, doi.org/​10.1007/​s10815-018-1273-7.

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Nearly half of U.S. counties: Michael Ollove, “A Shortage in the Nation’s Maternal Health Care,” Stateline, August 15, 2016, stateline.org/​2016/​08/​15/​a-shortage-in-the-nations-maternal-health-care/.

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not that TV, music, and movies: Books such as the revolutionary feminist health book Our Bodies, Ourselves I mentioned earlier have helped, but after being consistently revised over the decades, it stopped printing new editions in 2018.