Antarctica, 55–78

chemical pollution and, 115

climate change winners and losers, 76–78

conservation efforts, 155–56, 158

discovery of, 59

krill of, 70–76, 71n, 121, 155–56, 234–35

mining operations and, 164–65

octopuses of, 67–68

orcas of, 110–11

ozone layer over, 242

penguins of, 24, 24n, 56–66, 73–74, 75–76

in prehistoric era, 9, 18, 19, 20–21, 23–24

seasons of, 55

shrinking sea ice, 62–68, 73

Antarctic Treaty, 156

Anthropocene era

about, 26–27

as extinction event, 27–29

models of future change in, 47–48

Anthropocene Working Group, 26–27

Aotearoa

conservation efforts by, 148–50, 157, 183–84

in prehistoric era, 23–24, 23n

traditional foods of, 181

Arctic Ocean ecosystem, 48–52, 116, 118

Arran, Isle of, 147–53

assisted (experimental) evolution, 220–22

Atlantic Ocean

conservation efforts in, 155, 166–67

deep-sea mining in, 164

lionfish of, 40–43, 44–45

mining and, 164

octopuses of, 261–64

orcas of, 126–27

in prehistoric era, 14, 19, 20

seabirds of, ix–x

seaweeds of, 191–92

sharks of, 84, 85, 94, 102, 107–8

sustainable ocean farming in, 244–45

tuna of, 126, 136, 138–45

whales of, 159–60

Atlantic Sea Farms, 245

Atopodentatus, 14

Australia

chemical pollution regulation, 117

in prehistoric era, 9, 23–24

reefs of, 153, 207–10, 215, 223–25, 228

seaweed forests of, 197–200

Shark Bay, 93

baleen whales, 21, 23, 48–50, 121