prevent at least one black deed. Laurence M. Huey, “Past and Present Status of the Northern Elephant Seal with a Note on the Guadalupe Fur Seal,” Journal of Mammalogy 11 (1930): 188–194, https://doi.org/10.2307/1374066.
fished as long ago as the Stone Age. Adam J. Andrews et al., “Exploitation History of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean—Insights from Ancient Bones,” ICES Journal of Marine Science 79, no. 2 (2022): 247–62, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab261.
ICCAT soon earned. Anjali Nayar, “Bad News for Tuna Is Bad News for CITES,” Nature, March 23, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2010.139.
Off the west coast of Ireland. Thomas W. Horton et al., “Evidence of Increased Occurrence of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in Territorial Waters of the United Kingdom and Ireland,” ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 5 (2021): 1672–83, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsab039.
Bluefin tuna are also coming back. Leif Nøttestad et al., “The Comeback of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) to Norwegian Waters,” Fisheries Research 231 (2020): 105689, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105689.
the species was moved off the Red List. The IUCN’s 2021 text on the global population of Atlantic bluefin tuna concludes that “no change or an overall increase in the global population is probably most representative of the global status of the species.” Bruce B. Collette et al., “Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus thynnus,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2021): e.T21860A46913402, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21860/46913402.
They’ve also recently been seen for the first time. Brian R. MacKenzie et al., “A Cascade of Warming Impacts Brings Bluefin Tuna to Greenland Waters,” Global Change Biology 20, no. 8 (2014): 2484–91, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12597.
A short while after the vote. Karen McVeigh, “Revealed: Most of EU Delegation to Crucial Fishing Talks Made Up of Fishery Lobbyists,” Guardian (UK), April 26, 2023.
in 2020 scientists celebrated. Susannah V. Calderan et al., “South Georgia Blue Whales Five Decades after the End of Whaling,” Endangered Species Research 43 (2020): 359–73, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01077.
CHAPTER 7
Scientists from the University of York. Ruth H. Thurstan and Callum M. Roberts, “Ecological Meltdown in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland: Two Centuries of Change in a Coastal Marine Ecosystem,” PLoS One 5, no. 7 (2010): e11767, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011767.
**st page
In 1995, the pair set up. Bryce D. Stewart et al., “Marine Conservation Begins at Home: How a Local Community and Protection of a Small Bay Sent Waves of Change around the UK and Beyond,” Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00076.
In 2019, scientists sent an autonomous. Veerle A. I. Huvenne and B. Thornton, RRS Discovery Cruise DY108–109, 6 Sept–2 Oct 2019: CLASS—Climate-Linked Atlantic System Science Darwin Mounds Marine Protected Area Habitat Monitoring, BioCAM—First Equipment Trials, BLT—Recipes: Pilot Study, National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report 66 (Southampton, UK: National Oceanography Centre, 2020), https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/526682/.
Setting up the protected area in 2017. Cassandra M. Brooks et al., “Reaching Consensus for Conserving the Global Commons: The Case of the Ross Sea, Antarctica,” Conservation Letters 13, no. 1 (2020): e12676, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12676.
more spiny lobsters. Hunter S. Lenihan et al., “Increasing Spillover Enhances Southern California Spiny Lobster Catch along Marine Reserve Borders,” Ecosphere 13, no. 6 (2022): e4110, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4110.
In Aotearoa, the effect. Zoe Qu et al., “Economic Valuation of the Snapper Recruitment Effect from a Well-Established Temperate No-Take Marine Reserve on Adjacent Fisheries,” Marine Policy 134 (2021): 104792, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104792.
scientists analysed catch data. Sarah Medoff et al., “Spillover Benefits from the World’s Largest Fully Protected MPA,” Science 378, no. 6617 (2022): 313–16, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn0098.
system to track the right whales. Derek P. Tittensor et al., “Integrating Climate Adaptation and Biodiversity Conservation in the Global Ocean,” Science Advances 5, no. 11 (2019): eaay9969, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay9969.
by 2016, the pink corals. Emma V. Sheehan et al., “Rewilding of Protected Areas Enhances Resilience of Marine Ecosystems to Extreme Climatic Events,” Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (2021): 671427, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.671427.
A 2022 review of more than twenty thousand studies. Juliette Jacque-mot et al., “Ocean Conservation Boosts Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation,” One Earth 5, no. 10 (2022): 1126–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.09.002.
Since 2001, more than a dozen. “Minerals: Polymetallic Nodules,” International Seabed Authority, https://www.isa.org.jm/exploration-contracts/polymetallic-nodules/.
Biological surveys of the CCZ. Muriel Rabone et al., “How Many Metazoan Species Live in the World’s Largest Mineral Exploration Region?” Current Biology 33, no. 12 (2023): 2383–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.052.
study modelling the impacts of noise. Rob Williams et al., “Noise from Deep-Sea Mining May Span Vast Ocean Areas,” Science 377, no. 6602 (2022): 157–58, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo2804.
vent mines could be interspersed. Daniel C. Dunn et al., “A Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity on Mid-Ocean Ridges from Deep-Sea Mining,” Science Advances 4, no. 7 (2018): eaar4313, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar4313.
A full survey of all the snails. Elin A. Thomas et al., “A Global Red List for Hydrothermal Vent Molluscs,” Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (2021): 713022, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.713022.
In the Mediterranean, 0.06 per cent. Joachim Claudet et al., “Under-protected Marine Protected Areas in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot,” One Earth 2, no. 4 (2020): 380–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.008.
Across the northeast Atlantic. Julia Roessger et al., “Turning the Tide on Protection Illusions: The Underprotected MPAs of the ‘OSPAR Regional Sea Convention,’” Marine Policy 142 (2022): 105109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105109.
European protected areas are home. Manuel Dureuil et al., “Elevated Trawling inside Protected Areas Undermines Conservation Outcomes in a Global Fishing Hot Spot,” Science 362, no. 6421 (2018): 1403–7, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0561.
almost all the protected areas are being legally dredged and bottom-trawled. Karen McVeigh, “Fishing Industry Still ‘Bulldozing’ Seabed in 90% of UK Marine Protected Areas,” Guardian (UK), May 31, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/31/fishing-industry-still-bulldozing-seabed-in-90-of-uk-marine-protected-areas.
Bill Ballantine wrote. Mark J. Costello and Bill Ballantine, “Biodiversity Conservation Should Focus on No-Take Marine Reserves,” Science and Society 30, no. 9 (2015): 507–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.011.
CHAPTER 8
The latest estimates suggest kelp forests. Aaron M. Eger et al., “The Value of Ecosystem Services in Global Marine Kelp Forests,” Nature Communications 14 (2023): 1894, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37385-0.
In that one heatwave. Thomas Wernberg et al., “Climate-Driven Regime Shift of a Temperate Marine Ecosystem,” Science 353, no. 6295 (2016): 169–72, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8745.
successful campaign led to a ban. Sussex Kelp Recovery Project, https://sussexkelp.org.uk/.
Spiky armadas marched. Karen Filbee-Dexter and Robert E. Scheibling, “Sea Urchin Barrens as Alternative Stable States of Collapsed Kelp Ecosystems,” Marine Ecology Progress Series 495 (2014): 1–25, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10573.
otters’ influence on eelgrass. Brent B. Hughes et al., “Recovery of a Top Predator Mediates Negative Eutrophic Effects on Seagrass,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 38 (2013): 15313–18, https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1302805110.
To the north, off British Columbia. Erin Foster et al., “Physical Disturbance by Recovering Sea Otter Populations Increases Eelgrass Genetic Diversity,” Science 374, no. 6565 (2021): 333–36, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf2343.
study off the coast of Hokkaido. Akira Watanuki et al., “Restoration of Kelp Beds on an Urchin Barren: Removal of Sea Urchins by Citizen Divers in Southwestern Hokkaido,” Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency 32 (2010): 83–87, http://www.fra.affrc.go.jp/bulletin/bull/bull32/83-87.pdf.
study of two of Aotearoa’s no-take zones. Nick T. Shears and Russell C. Babcock, “Marine Reserves Demonstrate Top-Down Control of Community Structure on Temperate Reefs,” Oecologia 132 (2002): 131–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0920-x.
