Cayman Islands, 131–34

cazón (dogfish), 37, 79

CCZ (Clarion Clipperton Zone), 162–64

C8, 116, 116n

Cenozoic era

about, 5, 17, 17n

aquatic mammals of, 19–24

coral reefs of, 24–25

fish of, 24–26

global warming period of, 18, 19–24

land masses and ocean circulation of, 19

Central American Seaway, 19, 22

cetacean lineages, 20–21, 22–23, 51. See also dolphins; whales

Chagos Archipelago, 218

Channel Islands, 157

Chapman, Valentine, 148–49, 183–84

chemical pollution

DDT, 112, 113–14, 119

“forever chemicals,” 115–17, 115n

future solutions, 241–44

PCBs, 109–15, 111n, 112n, 117–19, 121, 125, 278n109

in plastics, 111, 120–21

Cherry-Garrard, Apsley “Cherry,” 60–61

Chesapeake Bay, 91, 193

Chinook salmon, 122

chinstrap penguins, 24, 73–74, 76

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), 104–7, 140–41

Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ), 162–64

Clark, Eugenie, 97–98

coastlines, future solutions for, 161, 227, 231–33, 232n, 237–40

cobalt, 257

commercial fishing. See fishing and farming; fishing industry

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resource, 75

Community of Arran Seabed Trust (COAST), 150–52

Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians, 185

conodonts, 11

conservation efforts, 147–67

coral reefs, 151n, 154–55, 160–61, 162–63, 216–19

future directions for, 159–61, 165–67

guarding measures, 165–67

local resistance to, 161–62

mixed protection zones, 153–55, 162–67

no-take zones, 147–53, 161–62, 165, 183–84

pre-emptive, 155–56, 159–60

for resiliency and regeneration, 160–62

spillover effects, 156–59, 157n

terminology, 153

tracking measures as, 159–60

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 104–7, 140–41

copepods, 120, 160