toxins found in, 109–10, 111–15, 125, 278n109
West Coast Community of, 109–10, 114
Ordovician period, 6–7, 10–11, 10n
otters. See sea otters
oyster farms, 244–45, 246
Pacific Ocean
conservation efforts in, 102, 166
coral reefs of, 210–11
elephant seal populations along, 134–35
elephant seals of, 134–35
kelp of, 169, 196
lionfish of, 30–32, 39
mining and, 162–64, 235–36, 251–55
orcas of, 121–26
plastic pollution in, 233–34
in prehistoric era, 14, 19, 21–22
sea otters of, 174–77, 184–86
sea stars of, 186–88
sharks of, 80, 99–100
tuna of, 136
Paine, Robert, 89–90, 174
Palaeozoic era
extinction events of, 10–11, 10n
land vertebrates, 11–12
trilobites during, 5–10
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, 158, 158n, 214
parrotfish, 217–18
passenger pigeons, 81–82
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 109–15, 111n, 112n, 117–19, 121, 125, 278n109
pelagic sharks, 82–86, 90, 100, 102, 107
penguins
adaptations of, 75–76
colonies of, 62–66, 73–74
courtship and mating, 57–58
early studies of, 59–62
extinction possibility, 68–70, 77–78
feathers of, 56–59
as orca food source, 111
in prehistoric seas, 23–24, 24n
perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) “forever chemicals,” 115–17, 115n
