languages in 253

Pirahã 279–85

Pomo 262–9, 263

Waxaklahun-Ubah-K’awil 270–8, 271

Yup’ik 255–61, 255

animal numeracy 4–5

estimate, ability to 5, 11–12, 13–18, 20, 21, 22, 23–5

subitising 28–30

Anu-Adad, temple of, Assur 87

approximate number system 13–25, 26–7, 28, 29, 32, 283, 287

Aquitaine, museum of 46

Arabic language 85, 117, 134, 148–51, 152, 153–6, 155, 157, 158, 163, 164, 168

Arabic numerals

arithmetic and 160–1, 162, 174, 184

census and 207

ciphering books and 169–70, 184, 199

‘dust arithmetic’/‘dust symbols’ and 150–2, 183

Europe, enters 157–65, 163, 288

Indian number symbols and 132–3, 148–51, 154–6, 155

origins of 133, 134–56, 144, 145, 155, 183

paper and 150–2, 154, 166–72, 167, 181, 184–5

spread and popularity of 181, 183, 184–5

tables/lists and 173–4

archaeological record 3, 32, 33, 43, 61, 73

Aristophanes 108

Aristotle 65, 182

arithmetic 4, 65, 288

animal numeracy and 15

Arabic numerals and 160–1, 162, 174, 184

Babylonian arithmetical number writing 83

brain and 22–3

ciphering books and 169, 170, 171

counting rods and 193, 199

defined 63

desk calculators and 216

digital technology and 217, 224

dust arithmetic or board arithmetic 150–1

ENIAC and 217

finger counting and 49

Greek number writing and 107, 118

Indian number symbols and 141, 143, 148, 150–1, 154, 157, 163–4

Oksapmin and 238, 242, 252

ready reckoners 174

Roman system of hand-signs for numbers and 149

subitising and 27–8

suanpan/soroban and 202

art, cave 49–56, 57

artist incubation system 223

Aryabhata 139

Assur 85–8