40. Kristian Kristiansen, “Towards a New Paradigm? The Third Science Revolution and its Possible Consequences in Archaeology,” Current Swedish Archaeology 22, no. 1 (2014): 27.
41. Dorothy Nelkin and M. Susan Lindee, The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004); Alondra Nelson, The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations and Reconciliation after the Genome (Boston, MA: Beacon, 2016).
42. Marianne Sommer, “DNA and Cultures of Remembrance: Anthropological Genetics, Biohistories and Biosocialities,” BioSocieties 5, no. 3 (2010): 372.
43. Hedenstierna-Jonson et al., “Female Viking Warrior,” 853.
44. Hedenstierna-Jonson et al., “Female Viking Warrior,” 858. The quote is from the poem “Atlamál” in the Poetic Edda, believed to have been written in the twelfth century.
45. See also James W. McAllister, “Scientists’ Reuse of Old Empirical Data: Epistemological Aspects,” Philosophy of Science 85, no. 5 (2018): 755–766.
46. Nelkin and Lindee, DNA Mystique, xxii.
47. See, for example, Mike Parker Pearson, The Archaeology of Death and Burial (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000); Pamela Geller, “Brave Old World: Ancient DNA Testing and Sex Determination,” in Exploring Sex and Gender in Bioarchaeology, ed. Sabrina Agarwal and Julie Wesp (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 70–98.
48. Jesch, Women in the Viking Age, 180.
49. John McGowan-Hartmann, “Shadow of the Dragon: The Convergence of Myth and Science in Nineteenth Century Paleontological Imagery,” Journal of Social History 47, no. 1 (2013): 56. McGowan-Hartmann’s summary reads: “If there is such a thing as a dragon, it is here. And it is real. Not fantasy, science; not unknown, known; ancient, but revealed by modern knowledge; an important field of study, and a little scary, in an entertaining sort of way.”
50. John Robb, “Towards a Critical Ötziography: Inventing Prehistoric Bodies,” in Social Bodies, ed. Helen Lambert and Maryon McDonald (Oxford: Berghahn, 2009), 104.
51. Robb, “Towards a Critical Ötziography,” 105.
52. Robb, “Towards a Critical Ötziography,” 106.
53. Robb, “Towards a Critical Ötziography.” See also Nina Nordström, “The Immortals: Prehistoric Individuals as Ideological and Therapeutic Tools in Our Time,” in Archaeologists and the Dead: Mortuary Archaeology in Contemporary Society, ed. Howard Williams and Melanie Giles (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 204–232; Amade M’charek, “Beyond Fact or Fiction: On the Materiality of Race in Practice,” Cultural Anthropology 28, no. 3 (2005): 420–442.
54. Robb, “Towards a Critical Ötziography,” 112.
55. Viking Warrioress, statement by Neil Price. Emphasis in original.
56. Viking Warrioress, statement by Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson.
57. Secrets of the Dead, season 18, episode 4, “Viking Warrior Queen,” directed by Alexandar Dzerdz and Gautier Dubois, released July 7, 2020, on PBS. Statement by Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson, who was also acting as historical consultant for the production.
58. Neil Price et al., “Viking Warrior Women? Reassessing Birka Chamber Grave Bj.581,” Antiquity 93, no. 367 (2019): 181–198.
59. Hedenstierna-Jonson et al., “Female Viking Warrior,” 854.
60. “Supporting Information 2,” in Hedenstierna-Jonson et al., “Female Viking Warrior,” 20, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1002%2Fajpa.23308&file=ajpa23308-sup-0002-suppinfo2.docx.
61. Price et al., “Viking Warrior Women?,” 193.
62. Julie Solometo and Joshua Moss, “Picturing the Past: Gender in National Geographic Reconstructions of Prehistoric Life,” American Antiquity 78, no. 1 (2013): 124.
63. Stephanie Moser, “The Visual Language of Archaeology: A Case Study of the Neanderthals,” Antiquity 66, no. 253 (1992): 831–844.
64. Solometo and Moss, “Picturing the Past,” 124.
65. Joan Gero, “Honoring Ambiguity/Problematizing Certitude,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 14, no. 3 (2007): 320.
66. “Supplementary material,” in Price et al., “Viking Warrior Women?” 23, https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:article:S0003598X18002582/resource/name/S0003598X18002582sup001.pdf.
67. See Gero on “machining data” as one of several strategies for stabilizing evidence and producing knowledge that appears unambiguous. Gero, “Honoring Ambiguity,” 320–321.
68. “Viking Women,” Real Vikings. Hedenstierna-Jonson et al., “A Female Viking Warrior,” 853: the abstract states that “An earlier osteological classification of the individual as female was considered controversial in a historical and archaeological context. A genomic confirmation of the biological sex of the individual was considered necessary to solve the issue.”
69. Roger Cooter and Stephen Pumfrey, “Separate Spheres and Public Places: Reflections on the History of Science Popularization and Science in Popular Culture,” History of Science 32, no. 3 (1994): 237.
70. David A. Kirby, “Science Consultants, Fictional Films, and Scientific Practice,” Social Studies of Science 33, no. 2 (2003): 231–268; José van Dijck, “Reading the Human Genome Narrative,” Science as Culture 5, no. 2 (1995): 217–247.
71. M’charek, “Beyond Fact or Fiction,” 436.
72. Price et al., “Viking Warrior Women?” 182.
73. Price et al., “Viking Warrior Women?” 182.
74. Price at al., “Viking Warrior Women?” 181, 182.
75. Judith Jesch, “Some Further Discussion of the Article on Bj 581,” Norse and Viking Ramblings, September 18, 2017, http://norseandviking.blogspot.com/2017/09/some-further-discussion-of-article-on.html.
76. Simone Rödder, “Reassessing the Concept of a Medialization of Science: A Story from the ‘Book of Life,’ ” Public Understanding of Science 18, no. 4 (2009): 452–463.
77. Elizabeth D. Jones, “Ancient Genetics to Ancient Genomics: Celebrity and Credibility in Data-Driven Practice,” Biology and Philosophy 34, no. 27 (2019): 1–35.
78. Nelkin and Lindee, DNA Mystique, xxii. See also Jones, “Ancient Genetics to Ancient Genomics,” 7–14.
79. Frank Marcinkowski and Matthias Kohring, “The Changing Rationale of Science Communication: A Challenge to Scientific Autonomy,” Journal of Science Communication 13, no. 3 (2014): 1–8.
