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Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec a me sine causa commemorata esse videantur. Qui, cum tam praeclaram urbem vi 135 copiisque cepisset, non putavit ad laudem populi Romani hoc pertinere, hanc pulchritudinem, ex qua praesertim periculi nihil ostenderetur, delere et exstinguere. Itaque aedificiis omnibus, publicis privatis, sacris profanis, sic pepercit quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non oppugnanda venisset. In ornatu urbis 140 habuit victoriae rationem, habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse multa Romam deportare quae ornamento urbi esse possent; humanitatis non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim quam conservare voluisset. In hac partitione ornatus non plus victoria Marcelli populo Romano appetivit quam humanitas 145 Syracusanis reservavit. Romam quae apportata sunt, ad aedem Honoris et Virtutis itemque aliis in locis videmus. Nihil in aedibus, nihil in hortis posuit, nihil in suburbano: putavit, si urbis ornamenta domum suam non contulisset, domum suam ornamento urbi futuram. Syracusis autem permulta atque egregia 150 reliquit; deum vero nullum violavit, nullum attigit. Conferte Verrem, non ut hominem cum homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat iniuria, sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et iurisdictionem cum ferro et armis, adventum et comitatum cum exercitu et victoria conferatis. (IV. 120–21)

“Ruins of the Theater at Taormina” Achille-Etna Michallon, 1821 Louvre, Paris, France

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.

151. qua: f. nom. sg. of indef. adj. modifying iniuria.

153. adventum et comitatum: a governor’s arrival and his retinue.

156. attigit: attingere, to touch.

158. consuetudinis: consuetudo, custom.

160. Agathoclis: gen. of Agathocles, tyrant and later king of Syracuse 317–289 B.C.

161. nobilius: here, more famous, celebrated.

162. visendum: visere, to go to see, visit.

163. profana: secular, not sacred, because when a city was conquered, its gods were thought to have abandoned it; OBJ. COMPL. with omnia.

164. diuturnam: longlasting.

165. sacra religiosaque: again OBJ. COMPL.; with the passing of time, the paintings were again deemed sacred.

167. saecula: saeculum, century, generation.

169. is: repeats the subj. Marcellus and parallels the use of Verres/is in the next, very similarly structured cl. (and see the note on eum, 105).

aedificaturus: aedificare,to build.

170. qui…deberet (171): REL. CL. OF CHARACTERISTIC, the sort of person who….

171. quem ad modum ille: we would say in the way that he (Marcellus) had.

vota: votum,prayer.

173. meretriciam: of a prostitute, meretricious; Verres allegedly kept a mistress in his home.

178. cognitione formarum: lit., by recognition of their forms = by familarizing people with their personal appearance.

quanto: ABL. OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE.

taetrior: taeter,offensive, hateful.

179. superiorum: here, predecessors.

tamen: i.e., although they were tyrants.

180. ornarint: = ornaverint, perf. subjunct., like sustulerit, in the CUM CAUSAL CL. hic: ASYNDETON emphasizes the contrast between illi and hic.

Temple to Castor and Pollux, 5th century B.C. Agrigentum, Sicily, Italy

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.

Verres plundered the temple of Minerva, including the paintings.

155 Aedis Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante dixi: quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque ornatam reliquit, quae ab isto sic spoliata atque direpta est, non ut ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello religionem et consuetudinis iura retineret, sed ut a barbaris praedonibus vexata esse videatur. Pugna erat equestris 160 Agathoclis regis in tabulis picta; his autem tabulis interiores templi parietes vestiebantur. Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis quod magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcellus, cum omnia victoria illa sua profana fecisset, tamen religione impeditus non attigit. Iste, cum illa propter diuturnam 165 pacem fidelitatemque populi Syracusani sacra religiosaque accepisset, omnes eas tabulas abstulit; parietes, quorum ornatus tot saecula manserant, tot bella effugerant, nudos ac deformatos reliquit. Et Marcellus qui, si Syracusas cepisset, duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat, is id quod erat aedificaturus eis 170 rebus ornare quas ceperat noluit; Verres qui non Honori neque Virtuti, quem ad modum ille, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is Minervae templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos deorum spoliis ornari noluit, hic ornamenta Minervae virginis in meretriciam domum transtulit. Viginti et septem praeterea tabulas 175 pulcherrime pictas ex eadem aede sustulit in quibus erant imagines Siciliae regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum pictorum artificio delectabant, sed etiam commemoratione hominum et cognitione formarum. Ac videte quanto taetrior hic tyrannus Syracusanis fuerit quam quisquam superiorum: cum illi tamen 180 ornarint templa deorum immortalium, hic etiam illorum monumenta atque ornamenta sustulerit. (IV. 122–23)

182. valvis: valvae, doors.

commemorem: DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCT., used in questions implying doubt or, as here, indignation.

183. augere: here, exaggerate.

184. liquido: adv., with certainty.

185. ebore: ebur, ivory.

perfectiores: lit., more thoroughly made, more carefully wrought.

186. incredibile dictu: dictu is a supine used as an ABL. OF SPECIFICATION, incredible to say.

187. scriptum: writing, account, record; Cicero’s point is that the Greeks were extremely fond of the arts and hence suffered deeply from Verres’ wholesale looting.

Are sens

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