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Experiments produced similar findings: Chuma Kevin Owuamalam et al., “Why Do People from Low-Status Groups Support Class Systems That Disadvantage Them? A Test of Two Mainstream Explanations in Malaysia and Australia,” Journal of Social Issues 73, no. 1 (2017): 80–98, https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12205.
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hopeful defenders of oppressive systems: Angela L. Duckworth et al., “Cognitive and Noncognitive Predictors of Success,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 47 (2019): 23499–504, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116; Angela Duckworth and James J. Gross, “Self-Control and Grit: Related but Separable Determinants of Success,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 23, no. 5 (2014): 319–25, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414541462.
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congratulating yourself for grittiness: These seven items come directly from the twelve-item John Henryism Scale for Active Coping. See Sherman A. James, “John Henryism and the Health of African-Americans,” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18, no. 2 (1994): 163–82, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01379448.
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racial minorities to work too hard: James, “John Henryism and the Health of African-Americans.”
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Scientists followed 3,126 young adults: Emiliano Albanese et al., “Hostile Attitudes and Effortful Coping in Young Adulthood Predict Cognition 25 Years Later,” Neurology 86, no. 13 (2016): 1227–34, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002517.
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It’s difficult to embrace an aspirational vision: Aaron C. Kay and Justin Friesen, “On Social Stability and Social Change: Understanding When System Justification Does and Does Not Occur,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, no. 6 (2011): 360–64, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411422059; Owuamalam, Rubin, and Spears, “Addressing Evidential and Theoretical Inconsistencies.”
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CHAPTER 3: RENEGADES ROCK
Jennings could have nodded: The current leading researcher on her life is Dr. Katherine Perrotta at Kennesaw State University. Here is a sampling of her work: Katherine Perrotta, “A Century Apart: An Evaluation of Historical Comparisons between Elizabeth Jennings and Rosa Parks in Narratives of the Black Freedom Movement,” American Educational History Journal 44, no. 1 (2017): 33–48; Katherine Perrotta and Chara Haeussler Bohan, “Nineteenth Century Rosa Parks? Assessing Elizabeth Jennings’ Legacy as a Teacher and Civil Rights Pioneer in Antebellum America,” Vitae Scholasticae: The Journal of Educational Biography 30, no. 2 (2013): 5–23.
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“you are a good for nothing impudent fellow”: John H. Hewitt, “The Search for Elizabeth Jennings, Heroine of a Sunday Afternoon in New York City,” New York History 71, no. 4 (1990): 386–415; Jerry Mikorenda, America’s First Freedom Rider: Elizabeth Jennings, Chester A. Arthur, and the Early Fight for Civil Rights (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2020).
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As a result of the struggle: Chronicled in a March 1855 issue of New-Lisbon, Ohio’s Anti-Slavery Bugle. See “Anti-Slavery Bugle,” Library of Congress, “Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers,” March 10, 1855, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035487/1855-03-10/ed-1/seq-3/.
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“bushiest and boldest mustache”: G. Clay Whittaker, “A History of West Wing Whiskers,” Men’s Journal, November 13, 2014, https://www.mensjournal.com/style/a-history-of-west-wing-whiskers-20141113/james-garfield/.
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policy giving Black people equal access: Rhoda Golden Freeman, “The Free Negro in New York City in the Era before the Civil War” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1966); Hewitt, “The Search for Elizabeth Jennings.”
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New York retained racist laws: Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank, Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery (New York: Ballantine Books, 2006); Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Mikorenda, America’s First Freedom Rider.
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Over a hundred years before Rosa Parks: Joyce A. Hanson, Rosa Parks: A Biography (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Biographies, 2011).
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As Bill Clinton told an audience: Bill Clinton, “Hillary Clinton and the Changing Political Landscape: The Daily Show,” interview by Trevor Noah, The Daily Show, September 15, 2016, 9:34, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-H1LddWxo8&feature=youtube.
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Egyptian dung ointments: Evan Andrews, “7 Unusual Ancient Medical Techniques,” History, last modified August 22, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/7-unusual-ancient-medical-techniques.
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44,000 patients die each year: Juan Escrivá Gracia, Ricardo Brage Serrano, and Julio Fernández Garrido, “Medication Errors and Drug Knowledge Gaps among Critical-Care Nurses: A Mixed Multi-Method Study,” BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 640 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4481-7; Ghadah Asaad Assiri et al., “What Is the Epidemiology of Medication Errors, Error-Related Adverse Events and Risk Factors for Errors in Adults Managed in Community Care Contexts? A Systematic Review of the International Literature,” BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019101; Gili Kadmon et al., “Case Not Closed: Prescription Errors 12 Years after Computerized Physician Order Entry Implementation,” Journal of Pediatrics 190 (2017): 236–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.013; Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, ed. Linda T. Kohn, Janet M. Corrigan, and Molla S. Donaldson (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000).
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estimating the universe’s age: Adam G. Riess et al., “Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics beyond ΛCDM,” Astrophysical Journal 876, no. 1 (2019): 85, https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1422; Corey S. Powell, “The Universe May Be a Billion Years Older than We Thought. Scientists Are Scrambling to Figure Out Why,” NBC News, May 18, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/universe-may-be-billion-years-younger-we-thought-scientists-are-ncna1005541.
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Our educational system is better: Thomas D. Snyder, ed., 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, January 1993).
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only 39 percent could name all three: “Americans’ Civics Knowledge Increases but Still Has a Long Way to Go,” Annenberg Public Policy Center, September 12, 2019, https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/americans-civics-knowledge-increases-2019-survey/.
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