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The first reaction to a new idea: Angelica Mucchi-Faina and Stefano Pagliaro, “Minority Influence: The Role of Ambivalence toward the Source,” European Journal of Social Psychology 38, no. 4 (2008): 612–23.
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will naturally feel uncertain: The pain of not taking action is far more intense and long-lasting than the regret of taking a risk and realizing it was a mistake. See Thomas Gilovich, Victoria Husted Medvec, and Daniel Kahneman, “Varieties of Regret: A Debate and Partial Resolution,” Psychological Review 105, no. 3 (1998): 602. The particular pain associated with regretting inaction is not limited to the United States: Thomas Gilovich et al., “Regrets of Action and Inaction across Cultures,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34, no. 1 (2003): 61–71.
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the “sleeper effect”: G. Tarcan Kumkale and Dolores Albarracín, “The Sleeper Effect in Persuasion: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychological Bulletin 130, no. 1 (2004): 143.
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Ambivalent people update: For a package of eight studies on the topic, see Laura E. Wallace et al., “Perceived Knowledge Moderates the Relation between Subjective Ambivalence and the ‘Impact’ of Attitudes: An Attitude Strength Perspective,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 5 (2020): 709–22.
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Thanks to the advocacy of minorities: Wallace et al., “Perceived Knowledge.”
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when the message is fully internalized: Barbara David and John C. Turner, “Studies in Self-Categorization and Minority Conversion: The In-Group Minority in Intragroup and Intergroup Contexts,” British Journal of Social Psychology 38, no. 2 (1999): 115–34.
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CHAPTER 5: ATTRACT PEOPLE WHO’VE GOT YOUR BACK
at 30 degrees: Dennis R. Proffitt et al., “Perceiving Geographical Slant,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 2, no. 4 (1995): 409–28.
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The hill seemed even steeper: Dennis R. Proffitt et al., “The Role of Effort in Perceiving Distance,” Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (2003): 106–12.
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10-degree ascent as steeper: Mukul Bhalla and Dennis R. Proffitt, “Visual–Motor Recalibration in Geographical Slant Perception,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25, no. 4 (1999): 1076–96.
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The physical challenge seemed easier: Simone Schnall et al., “Social Support and the Perception of Geographical Slant,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44, no. 5 (2008): 1246–55.
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less worrisome than men standing alone: Daniel M. T. Fessler and Colin Holbrook, “Friends Shrink Foes: The Presence of Comrades Decreases the Envisioned Physical Formidability of an Opponent,” Psychological Science 24, no. 5 (2013): 797–802.
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Our brains interpret the presence of an ally: Lane Beckes and James A. Coan, “Social Baseline Theory: The Role of Social Proximity in Emotion and Economy of Action,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5, no. 12 (2011): 976–88; James A. Coan, Casey L. Brown, and Lane Beckes, “Our Social Baseline: The Role of Social Proximity in Economy of Action,” in Nature and Formation of Social Connections: From Brain to Group, ed. Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver (Washington, DC: APA Press, 2014), 89–104; James A. Coan and David A. Sbarra, “Social Baseline Theory: The Social Regulation of Risk and Effort,” Current Opinion in Psychology 1 (2015): 87–91.
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resources of close, trustworthy allies: Julia L. Briskin et al., “For Better or for Worse? Outsourcing Self-Regulation and Goal Pursuit,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 2 (2019): 181–92; Gráinne M. Fitzsimons and Eli J. Finkel, “Outsourcing Self-Regulation,” Psychological Science 22, no. 3 (2011): 369–75; Hans IJzerman et al., “The Human Penguin Project: Climate, Social Integration, and Core Body Temperature,” Collabra: Psychology 4, no. 1 (2018): 37.
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Just like climbing a hill: Theriault, Young, and Barrett, “The Sense of Should.”
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We need not be the master of all trades: Erica J. Boothby et al., “The World Looks Better Together: How Close Others Enhance Our Visual Experiences,” Personal Relationships 24, no. 3 (2017): 694–714; David S. Lee et al., “I-Through-We: How Supportive Social Relationships Facilitate Personal Growth,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 1 (2018): 37–48; Shigehiro Oishi, Jamie Schiller, and E. Blair Gross, “Felt Understanding and Misunderstanding Affect the Perception of Pain, Slant, and Distance,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 3 (2013): 259–66; Dean Keith Simonton, “The Social Context of Career Success and Course for 2,026 Scientists and Inventors,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 4 (1992): 452–63.
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seeking out allies: Anita Williams Woolley, “Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups,” Science 330, no. 6004 (2010): 686–88; Wendy M. Williams and Robert J. Sternberg, “Group Intelligence: Why Some Groups Are Better Than Others,” Intelligence 12, no. 4 (1988): 351–77.
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a great candidate to recruit as an ally: Gordon Hodson et al., “Intergroup Contact as an Agent of Cognitive Liberalization,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 5 (2018): 523–48; Elizabeth Mannix and Margaret A. Neale, “What Differences Make a Difference? The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 6, no. 2 (2005): 31–55.
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great for self-expansion: If you want a good read, here are my top suggested titles from the past decade: Todd B. Kashdan, “10 Books to Ramp Up Your Intellect,” Psychology Today, December 9, 2019, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/curious/201912/10-books-ramp-your-intellect.
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The Imposter: Chelsea Duff, “Breaking Down ‘The Imposter,’ the True Crime Documentary That’s Creepy AF,” In Touch Weekly, June 13, 2018, https://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/the-imposter-documentary-155882/.
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