sixteen minutes of physical movement: John Cawley, Chad Meyerhoefer, and David Newhouse, “The Impact of State Physical Education Requirements on Youth Physical Activity and Overweight,” Health Economics 16, no. 12 (2007): 1287–1301, https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1218; John Cawley, Chad Meyerhoefer, and David Newhouse, “Not Your Father’s PE: Obesity, Exercise, and the Role of Schools,” Education Next 6, no. 4 (2006): 61–66; “Teens Only Active in Gym Class for 16 Minutes,” NBC News, September 19, 2006, https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/teens-only-active-gym-class-16-minutes-flna1C9438469.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
15,000 law enforcement professionals: “PoliceOne’s 2013 Gun Policy & Law Enforcement Survey Results: Executive Summary,” PoliceOne, April 8, 2013, https://www.policeone.com/police-products/firearms/accessories/articles/policeones-2013-gun-policy-law-enforcement-survey-results-executive-summary-x02GJHRSJXGbGwH9/.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
shooters miss the target 82 percent of the time: Bernard D. Rostker et al., Evaluation of the New York City Police Department Firearm Training and Firearm-Discharge Review Process, RAND Center on Quality Policing (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2008), http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/RAND_FirearmEvaluation.pdf.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
importance of psychological safety: Bret Sanner and J. Stuart Bunderson, “When Feeling Safe Isn’t Enough: Contextualizing Models of Safety and Learning in Teams,” Organizational Psychology Review 5, no. 3 (2015): 224–43, https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386614565145.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
only when sufficient minority viewpoints exist: Bernard A. Nijstad, Floor Berger-Selman, and Carsten K. W. de Dreu, “Innovation in Top Management Teams: Minority Dissent, Transformational Leadership, and Radical Innovations,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 23, no. 2 (2012): 310–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2012.734038; Carsten K. W. de Dreu and Michael A. West, “Minority Dissent and Team Innovation: The Importance of Participation in Decision Making,” Journal of Applied Psychology 86, no. 6 (2001): 1191–201, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1191; Carsten K. W. de Dreu, “Team Innovation and Team Effectiveness: The Importance of Minority Dissent and Reflexivity,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 11, no. 3 (2002): 285–98, https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320244000175.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
“next best course of group action”: Katherine J. Klein and David A. Harrison, “On the Diversity of Diversity: Tidy Logic, Messier Realities,” Academy of Management Perspectives 21, no. 4 (2007): 26–33, https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2007.27895337.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
belong to an in-group: Michael A. Hogg, “Social Identity Theory,” in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, ed. Peter James Burke (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006), 111–36; Matthew J. Hornsey, “Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory: A Historical Review,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 1 (2008): 204–22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x; Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner, “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior,” in Political Psychology, Key Readings in Social Psychology, ed. John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius (Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2004), 276–93.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
“motivated certainty”: Cory J. Clark and Bo M. Winegard, “Tribalism in War and Peace: The Nature and Evolution of Ideological Epistemology and Its Significance for Modern Social Science,” Psychological Inquiry 31, no. 1 (2020): 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2020.1721233.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
If you want to override the tendency: A huge body of research suggests that the opinions of individuals become more radical when those individuals are” housed in groups with similarly minded individuals. For a classic review, see Helmut Lamm and David G. Myers, “Group-Induced Polarization of Attitudes and Behavior,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 11, ed. Leonard Berkowitz (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1978), 145–95.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
questioning attitude of groups with dissenters: Stefan Schulz-Hardt, Marc Jochims, and Dieter Frey, “Productive Conflict in Group Decision Making: Genuine and Contrived Dissent as Strategies to Counteract Biased Information Seeking,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 88, no. 2 (2002): 563–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00001-8. A final discovery in this body of work deserves mention: genuine dissent produced far more benefits in terms of less bias and better decision-making than training someone to be the inauthentic devil’s advocate in the group. In follow-up studies, these researchers once again found that groups seeded with genuine dissenters showed less confirmation bias, and this improvement in information gathering and willingness to tolerate difficult conversations translated into better solutions and decision-making (far better than the homogeneous groups). See Stefan Schulz-Hardt et al., “Group Decision Making in Hidden Profile Situations: Dissent as a Facilitator for Decision Quality,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 6 (2006): 1080–93, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1080.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
improved group problem-solving: Robert S. Dooley and Gerald E. Fryxell, “Attaining Decision Quality and Commitment from Dissent: The Moderating Effects of Loyalty and Competence in Strategic Decision-Making Teams,” Academy of Management Journal 42, no. 4 (1999): 389–402, https://doi.org/10.5465/257010; Charlan Nemeth, “Interactions Between Jurors as a Function of Majority vs. Unanimity Decision Rules,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 7, no. 1 (1977): 38–56, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb02416.x; Elizabeth Levy Paluck, Hana Shepherd, and Peter M. Aronow, “Changing Climates of Conflict: A Social Network Experiment in 56 Schools,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (2016): 566–71, doi:10.1073/pnas.1514483113; Floor Rink et al., “Team Receptivity to Newcomers: Five Decades of Evidence and Future Research Themes,” Academy of Management Annals 7, no. 1 (2013): 247–93, https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2013.766405.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
creative trendsetters: Mark A. Runco et al., “Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as Predictors of Personal and Public Achievement: A Fifty-Year Follow-Up,” Creativity Research Journal 22, no. 4 (2010): 361–68, https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.523393.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
amplified performance and creativity: Linn Van Dyne and Richard Saavedra, “A Naturalistic Minority Influence Experiment: Effects on Divergent Thinking, Conflict and Originality in Work-Groups,” British Journal of Social Psychology 35, no. 1 (1996): 151–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01089.x.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
altered people’s way of seeing the world: Charlan Nemeth and Cynthia Chiles, “Modelling Courage: The Role of Dissent in Fostering Independence,” European Journal of Social Psychology 18, no. 3 (1988): 275–80, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180306. It is worth pointing out that this is a replication and extension of the seminal study that discovered that witnessing dissent mentally liberates us, especially for those who do not publicly agree with us initially. See Serge Moscovici, Elisabeth Lage, and Martine Naffréchoux, “Influence of a Consistent Minority on the Responses of a Majority in a Color Perception Task,” Sociometry 32, no. 4 (1969): 365–80, https://doi.org/10.2307/2786541.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
modifications in how others think and behave: Anne Maass, S. G. West, and Robert B. Cialdini, “Minority Influence and Conversion,” in Group Processes: Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 8, ed. Clyde A. Hendrick (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2987), 55–79.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
CHAPTER 4: TALK PERSUASIVELY
according to Urban Dictionary: The acronym spelled out is “Fucked Up Got Ambushed Zipped In” (to a body bag), which captures the daily threats faced by military veterans in the Vietnam War. As can be seen, the band name oozes political subversion. See “Fugaze/Fugazi,” Urban Dictionary, June 7, 2018, https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Fugaze%2FFugazi; Mark Baker, Nam: The Vietnam War in the Words of the Men and Women Who Fought There (New York: Berkley, 1981).
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
According to one music journalist: Vincent Caruso, “30 Years Ago: Fugazi Is Born,” Diffuser, May 31, 2017, https://diffuser.fm/fugazi-formed/.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
They just didn’t care about becoming rock stars: For books about Fugazi, see Michael Azzerad, Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991 (Boston: Back Bay: 2001); Daniel Sinker, We Owe You Nothing, Punk Planet: The Collected Interviews (New York: Akashic Books, 2007). For interviews with Fugazi members, see Ian MacKaye, “Ian MacKaye Doesn’t Do Many Interviews, but This Is One of His Most Enlightening,” interview by Daniel Dylan Wray, Loud and Quiet, May 26, 2015, http://www.loudandquiet.com/interview/ian-mackaye-dischord/; Ian MacKaye, “Special Guest: Ian MacKaye of Dischord Records, Fugazi, & Much More,” interviewed by Brian Nelson-Palmer, DC Music Rocks, February 6, 2018, https://www.dcmusicrocks.com/episodes/2018-02-06-special-guest-ian-mackaye-of-dischord-records-fugazi-and-more [inactive]. For articles about Fugazi, see Anthony Pappalardo, “Why Fugazi Are Still the Best Punk Band in the World—an Op-Ed,” Alternative Press, November 20, 2014, https://www.altpress.com/features/fugazi_are_the_best_punk_band_in_the_world/; Andrea Kurland, “Getting Deep with Ian MacKaye, the Godfather of DIY Culture,” Huck, May 27, 2020, https://www.huckmag.com/art-and-culture/ian-mackaye-survival-issue-interview/; Eric Brace, “Punk Lives! Washington’s Fugazi Claims It’s Just a Band. So Why Do So Many Kids Think It’s God?,” Washington Post, August 1, 1993, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1993/08/01/punk-lives-washingtons-fugazi-claims-its-just-a-band-so-why-do-so-many-kids-think-its-god/6c56fef5-780a-4a6e-8411-8c6b407e1eed/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.8b4b5f2e0312; Greg Kot, “Fugazi Making Punk Rock Relevant Again,” Chicago Tribune, August 10, 1991, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-08-10-9103270453-story.html; Karen Bliss, “Pearl Jam’s Eddie Vedder Talks Surfing, Story behind ‘Jeremy’ in Rediscovered 1991 Interview,” Billboard, April 6, 2017, https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7751635/pearl-jam-eddie-vedder-1991-interview-vintage; Paul Brannigan, “Ian MacKaye on Minor Threat, Fugazi and the Power of Punk Rock,” Louder, April 16, 2014, https://www.loudersound.com/features/ian-mackaye-on-minor-threat-fugazi-and-the-power-of-punk-rock; Ryan Reft, “Musical Fugazi: Politics, Post Punk, and Reevaluating D.C.’s Most Famous Rock Band 25 Years Later,” Tropics of Meta, May 13, 2015, https://tropicsofmeta.com/2015/05/13/musical-fugazi-politics-post-punk-and-reevaluating-d-c-s-most-famous-rock-band-25-years-later/.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
the band has been on “hiatus” since 2003: “Fugazi,” Spotify, accessed February 19, 2020, https://open.spotify.com/artist/62sC6lUEWRjbFqXpMmOk4G; “Fugazi,” last.fm, accessed February 19, 2020, https://www.last.fm/music/Fugazi; “Fugazi—Topic,” YouTube channel, accessed February 19, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2cjwtJB5rzpMetjDlnjGHg; “Fugazi,” Pandora, accessed February 19, 2020, https://www.pandora.com/artist/full-bio/fugazi/ARP5Kb9dKXPZvxm; “Fugazi,” deezer, accessed February 19, 2020, https://www.deezer.com/us/artist/2873.
GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT
Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder invoked the names of Fugazi: For behavioral evidence of their influence, see Brendan Kelly, “Forget Nirvana, Pearl Jam Was the Most Influential Band of the 90s,” Vice, October 29, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/6vgpn9/pearl-jam-vs-nirvana-as-the-most-influential-90s-band. Examples of interviews with the intentional mention of Fugazi and even tendencies to write the band’s name on their bodies and clothing, see Bliss, “Pearl Jam’s Eddie Vedder”; Lauren Spencer, “Nirvana: The 1992 ‘Nevermind’ Cover Story, ‘Heaven Can’t Wait,’ ” Spin, January 1, 1992, https://www.spin.com/1992/01/nirvana-cover-1992-kurt-cobain-heaven-cant-wait/; Raul Rossell II, “Why Did Kurt Cobain Write Fuhgawz on His Shoe???,” feelnumb, October 13, 2009, http://www.feelnumb.com/2009/10/13/why-did-kurt-cobain-wrote-fuhgawz-on-his-shoe/.
