Others on Darwin’s list: Johnson, “The Preface to Darwin’s Origin of Species”; Stott, Darwin’s Ghosts.
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doubting Biblical claims: Here is a quick summary of the Biblical creation narrative. On Day 1, God created Light. On Day 2, He/She/It went on to create the atmosphere/firmament. On Day 3, dry ground and plants. On Day 4, the sun, moon, and stars. On Day 5, birds and sea animals. On Day 6, land animals and humans. And on the seventh day, God rested. A nasty debate exists whether God created animals and humans in two days or six days. See Genesis 1:1–31, 2:1–2.
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a countervailing idea: A similar sentiment to what science writer Matt Ridley uncovered in that an evolutionary view offers a more accurate and elegant account than a creationist or intelligent designer view of cultural and technological transformations. See Matt Ridley, The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
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the speed of cultural evolution: Jolanda Jetten and Matthew J. Hornsey, “Deviance and Dissent in Groups,” Annual Review of Psychology 65, no. 1 (2014): 461–85, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115151; Bibb Latané and Sharon Wolf, “The Social Impact of Majorities and Minorities,” Psychological Review 88, no. 5 (1981): 438–53, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.88.5.438; Charlan Jeanne Nemeth and Brendan Nemeth-Brown, “Better than Individuals? The Potential Benefits of Dissent and Diversity for Group Creativity,” in Group Creativity: Innovation through Collaboration, ed. Paul B. Paulus and Bernard Arjan Nijstad (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 63–84, http://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147308.003.0004; Wendy Wood et al., “Minority Influence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Social Influence Processes,” Psychological Bulletin 115, no. 3 (1994): 323–45, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323.
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why was his insubordination: Paul Johnson, Darwin: Portrait of a Genius (New York: Penguin Books, 2013); Randy Moore, “The Persuasive Mr. Darwin,” BioScience 47, no. 2 (1997): 107–14, https://doi.org/10.2307/1313021; David Quammen, The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution (New York: Atlas Books/Norton, 2007).
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how we might differ and disagree successfully: Lisa Feldman Barrett and James A. Russell, The Psychological Construction of Emotion (New York: Guilford Press, 2014); Jolanda Jetten and Matthew J. Hornsey, Rebels in Groups: Dissent, Deviance, Difference and Defiance (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011); James C. Kaufman and Robert J. Sternberg, The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Robin Martin and Miles Hewstone, Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences (Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 2010); Tom Postmes and Jolanda Jetten, Individuality and the Group: Advances in Social Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006); Kathleen D. Vohs and Eli J. Finkel, Self and Relationships: Connecting Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processes (New York: Guilford Press, 2006).
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successful insubordination strategies: Johnson, Darwin: Portrait of a Genius; Moore, “The Persuasive Mr. Darwin”; Quammen, The Reluctant Mr. Darwin.
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“the reception of analogous views”: Johnson, Darwin: Portrait of a Genius.
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overcome listeners’ emotional resistance: William D. Crano and Radmila Prislin, “Attitudes and Persuasion,” Annual Review of Psychology 57, no. 1 (2006): 345–74, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190034; Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
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accessible, jargon-free style: Darwin, On the Origin of Species; Johnson, Darwin: Portrait of a Genius; Moore, “The Persuasive Mr. Darwin.”
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analogies as illustrations: Scientific colleagues scoffed at this rhetorical device. Yet Darwin’s communication style is what drew audiences in to read and enjoy the work. See Darwin, On the Origin of Species.
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allies play a critical role: Ayelet Fishbach, Julia Steinmetz, and Yanping Tu, “Motivation in a Social Context: Coordinating Personal and Shared Goal Pursuits with Others,” in Advances in Motivation Science, ed. Andrew Elliot (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2016), 35–79; Gráinne M. Fitzsimons, Eli J. Finkel, and Michelle R. vanDellen, “Transactive Goal Dynamics,” Psychological Review 122, no. 4 (2015): 648–73, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039654; Edward Orehek, Amanda L. Forest, and Nicole Barbaro, “A People-as-Means Approach to Interpersonal Relationships,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (2018): 373–89; Jordan E. Theriault, Liane Young, and Lisa Feldman Barrett, “The Sense of Should: A Biologically-Based Framework for Modeling Social Pressure,” Physics of Life Reviews 36 (2021): 100–136.
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We humans are tribal creatures: The differences between people who strongly identify with particular kinds of music and show disdain for other kinds is an underappreciated form of tribalism that affects much of what people consume and the social norms of behavior. See Gideon Nave et al., “Musical Preferences Predict Personality: Evidence from Active Listening and Facebook Likes,” Psychological Science 29, no. 7 (2018): 1145–58; Peter J. Rentfrow and Samuel D. Gosling, “The Content and Validity of Music-Genre Stereotypes Among College Students,” Psychology of Music 35, no. 2 (2007): 306–26; Peter J. Rentfrow and Samuel D. Gosling, “Message in a Ballad: The Role of Music Preferences in Interpersonal Perception,” Psychological Science 17, no. 3 (2006): 236–42; Peter J. Rentfrow and Samuel D. Gosling, “The Do Re Mi’s of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 6 (2003): 1236–56.
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odds of success as dissenters: Insubordination is more than just dissent, defiance, or non-conformity. In a hierarchical social structure operating on the assumption that people on lower rungs will abide by the guidelines set by people on higher rungs, insubordination is a specific act of rebellion, the willful act of disobeying superiors or authorities. I favor this term because it carries the most negative connotations, despite depending on what authority figures, the mainstream, or the orthodoxy espouses. In 1851, a slave who attempted to escape their master was considered diseased. These slaves were afflicted with a condition termed “Drapetomania,” “the disease that caused slaves to run away.” Physicians and psychiatrists created this unfounded diagnosis, and the establishment accepted it—one of many reminders that the status quo is often completely wrong, and that we require insubordination to set things right. See Samuel A. Cartwright, “Report of the Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race,” New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal (1851): 691–715.
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“the refusal to obey someone”: “Insubordination,” Cambridge Dictionary Online, Google, accessed February 13, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/insubordination.
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CHAPTER 2: THE STRANGE THINGS WE DO TO BE LIKED
he took 322 free throws: Rick Barry and Bill Libby, Confessions of a Basketball Gypsy: The Rick Barry Story (New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1972).
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LeBron James, missed 132 overhand shots: This is during the 2015–2016 season, which saw his highest free-throw percentage over the last five years of his career. I decided to be generous and not include the years 2016 to 2020, when he shot less accurately. See Barry and Libby, Confessions.
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according to multiple sports scientists: Hiroki Okubo and Mont Hubbard, “Dynamics of the Basketball Shot with Application to the Free Throw,” Journal of Sports Sciences 24, no. 12 (2006): 1303–14; Curtis Rist, “Physics Proves It: Everyone Should Shoot Granny-Style,” Discover, July 19, 2008, https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/physics-proves-it-everyone-should-shoot-granny-style; Curtis Rist, “Underhanded Achievement,” Discover, October 2000: 34–36; A. Tan and G. Miller, “Kinematics of the Free Throw in Basketball,” American Journal of Physics 49, no. 6 (1981): 542–44; Hannah Devlin, “ ‘Granny Style’ Is Best Way to Take a Basketball Free Throw, Study Shows,” Guardian, April 25, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/apr/26/granny-style-is-best-way-to-take-a-basketball-free-throw-study-shows.
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Former NBA great Shaquille O’Neal: He named his boat Free Throw . . . so he will “never sink it.” See Rick Barry, “590: Choosing Wrong,” interview by Malcolm Gladwell, This American Life, NPR, June 24, 2016, 10:00, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/590/transcript.
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“rather shoot zero percent”: Dan Feldman, “Shaq on Free Throws: ‘I Told Rick Barry I’d Rather Shoot 0% Than Shoot Underhand,’ ” NBC Sports, December 11, 2017, https://nba.nbcsports.com/2017/12/11/shaq-on-free-throws-i-told-rick-barry-id-rather-shoot-0-than-shoot-underhand/.
