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12. Ray Allen Billington, Land of Savagery/Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Norton, 1981), 35.

13. On Karl May and his cultural politics see the respective articles in Helmut Schmiedt, ed., Karl May (Frankfurt /M.: Suhrkamp, 1983); Heinz Ludwig Arnold, ed., Karl May. Sonderband Text und Kritik (Munich: Edition Text und Kritik, 1987); and Dieter Sudhoff and Hartmut Vollmer, eds., Karl Mays

“Winnetou”: Studien zu einem Mythos (Frankfurt /M.: Suhrkamp, 1989).

14. Jochen Schulte-Sasse, “Karl Mays Amerika-Exotik. Zur sozialpsycholo-gischen Funktion von Trivialliteratur im wilhelminischen Deutschland,” in Karl May, ed. Helmut Schmiedt, 120.

15. Peter Uwe Hohendahl, “Von der Rothaut zum Edelmenschen: Karl Mays Amerikaromane,” in Karl Mays “Winnetou,” 214 –238.

16. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf, 1993), 3 – 61.

17. Eric L. Santner, Stranded Objects: Mourning, Memory, and Film in Postwar Germany (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990), 119 –120.

18. Deniz Göktürk, “Neckar-Western statt Donau-Walzer: Der Geschmack von Freiheit und Abenteuer im frühen Kino,” Kintop: Jahrbuch zur Erfor-schung des frühen Films 2 (1993): 117 –142; and Deniz Göktürk, “Moving Images of America in Early German Cinema,” in A Second Life: German Cinemas First Decades, ed. Thomas Elsaesser (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1996), 93 –100.

19. Beeke Sell Tower, Envisioning America: Prints, Drawings, and Photographs by George Grosz and His Contemporaries, 1915 –1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Busch-Reisinger Museum, 1990), 22 –24.

20. Rudolf Schlichter, Die tönernen Füße (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1933), 26; qtd.

in Tower, Envisioning America, 22.

21. On the mountain film genre see Eric Rentschler, “Mountains and Modernity: Relocating the Bergfilm, New German Critique 51 (fall 1990): 137 –

161; Eric Rentschler, “Fatal Attractions: Leni Riefenstahl’s The Blue Light,

October 48 (spring 1989): 46 – 68; Beate Bechtold-Comforty et al., “Zwanziger Jahre und Nationalsozialismus: Vom Bergfilm zum Bauernmythos,” in Der deutsche Heimatfilm: Bildwelten und Weltbilder, ed. Wolfgang Kaschuba et al.

(Tübingen: Tübinger Verein für Volkskunde, 1989), 33 – 67; and Christian Rapp, Höhenrausch: Der deutsche Bergfilm (Vienna: Sonderzahl, 1997).

22. André Bazin, “The Western, or the American Film par Excellence,” in What Is Cinema? (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 2:140 –148.

23. Jane Tompkins, West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 44.

24. New York Times, May 8, 1937.

25. Licht-Bild-Bühne, January 27, 1939; see also Deutsche Filmzeitung, January 1, 1939.

26. See, e.g., William K. Everson’s article “Luis Trenker,” Films in Review (May 1984): 275–278.

27. Film-Kurier, July 22, 1936.

10-C2205-END 8/17/02 3:39 PM Page 290

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Notes to Pages 112 –118

28. Karsten Witte, “Hans Albers: Athlet in Halbseide,” Die Unsterblichen des Kinos. Band 2: Glanz und Mythos der Stars der 40er und 50er Jahre, ed.

Adolf Heinzlmeier et al. (Frankfurt /M.: Fischer, 1980), 35.

29. George Fenin and William Everson, e.g., single out “pointed sequences and ‘blue’ dialogue” in Albers’s western performances, an ingredient they consider utterly foreign to the genre. George N. Fenin and William K. Everson, The Western: From Silents to the Seventies: A New and Expanded Edition (New York: Grossman, 1973), 327.

30. Tompkins, West of Everything, 50.

31. Joseph Goebbels, “Rede bei der ersten Jahrestagung der Reichsfilmkammer am 5.3.1937 in der Krolloper, Berlin,” reprinted in Gerd Albrecht, Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik (Stuttgart: Enke, 1969), 457.

32. Roman Jakobson, “Linguistics and Poetics,” in Language in Literature, ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), 66.

33. Ibid., 68.

34. Everson, “Luis Trenker,” 271.

35. Rapp, Höhenrausch, 238 –242.

36. “Filme im Werden: Senator— General—Bettler: Massenszenen bei Trenkers ‘Kaiser von Kalifornien,’” Film-Kurier, February 15, 1936.

37. David Spurr, The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993), 16.

38. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), 201–227.

39. On the treatment of the Napoleonic period in Nazi cinema see Irmbert Schenk, “Geschichte im NS-Film. Kritische Anmerkungen zur filmwissen-schaftlichen Suggestion der Identität von Propaganda und Wirkung,” montage/

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