M A K E I T S T I C K
make it stick
The Science of Successful Learning Peter C. Brown
Henry L. Roediger III
Mark A. McDaniel
T H E B E L K N A P P R E S S of H A R VA R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, En gland
2014
Copyright © 2014 by Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Brown, Peter C.
Make it stick : the science of successful learning / Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger, Mark A. McDaniel.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978- 0- 674- 72901- 8
1. Learning—
Research. 2.
Cognition—
Research. 3.
Study
skills.
I. Title.
LB1060.B768 2014
370.15'23—dc23
2013038420
Memory is the mother of all wisdom.
Aeschylus
Prometheus Bound
Contents
Preface ix
1 Learning Is Misunderstood 1
2 To Learn, Retrieve 23
3 Mix Up Your Practice 46
4 Embrace
Diffi culties 67
5 Avoid Illusions of Knowing 102
6 Get Beyond Learning Styles 131
7 Increase Your Abilities 162
