3. The China Airlines incident is reported in: National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident report– China Airlines Boeing 747- SP N4522V, 300 Nautical Miles Northwest of San Francisco, California, February 19, 1985,” March 29, 1986, and can be found at http:// www .rvs .uni -bielefeld .de /publications

/Incidents /DOCS /ComAndRep /ChinaAir /AAR8603 .html, accessed October 24, 2013.

The report of the National Transportation Safety Board’s investigation into the Carnahan accident is reported by: D. A.

Lombardo, “ ‘Spatial disorientation’ caused Carnahan crash,”

Aviation International News, AINonline, July 2002, and can be found at: http:// www .ainonline .com /aviation -news /aviation

-international -news /2008 -04 -16 /spatial -disorientation -caused

-carnahan -crash, accessed October 24, 2013.

The report of the National Transportation Safety Board’s investigation into the J. F. Kennedy Jr. accident is reported by: N. Sigelman, “NTSB says spatial disorientation caused Cape Air crash,” Martha’s Vineyard Times, mntimes .com, and can be found at

http:// www .mvtimes .com /ntsb -says -spatial

-disorientation -caused -cape -air -crash -960 /, accessed October 24, 2013.

4. E. Morris, “The anosognosic’s dilemma: Something’s wrong but you’ll never know what it is” (pt. 5), New York Times, June 24, 2010.

Notes to Pages 111–115 ê 272

5. L. L. Jacoby, R. A. Bjork, & C. M. Kelley, Illusions of comprehension, competence, and remembering, in D. Druckman & R. A. Bjork (eds.), Learning, remembering, believing: Enhancing human per for mance (pp. 57– 80) (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994).

6. The Carol Harris/Helen Keller study is reported in R. A. Sulin & D. J. Dooling, Intrusion of a thematic idea in retention of prose, Journal of Experimental Psycholog 103 (1974), 255–

262. For an overview on memory illusions, see H. L. Roediger & K. B. McDermott, Distortions of memory, in F. I.M. Craik & E. Tulving (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory (pp. 149–

164) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

7. Imagination

infl ation has been shown both in studies of memories from early life and in laboratory studies. Two of the original references for each type of study are M. Garry, C. G.

Manning, E. F. Loftus, & S. J. Sherman, Imagination infl ation: Imagining a childhood event infl ates confi dence that it occurred, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (1996), 208– 214, and L. M.

Goff & H. L. Roediger, Imagination infl ation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections, Memory & Cognition 26 (1998), 20– 33.

8. The leading questions experiment is E. F. Loftus & J. C. Palmer, Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13 (1974), 585– 589.

9. One article on the dangers of hypnosis on memory is P. A. Register & J. F. Kihlstrom, Hypnosis and interrogative suggestibility, Personality and Individual Differences 9 (1988), 549–

558. For an overview of issues in memory relevant to legal situations, see H. L. Roediger & D. A. Gallo, Pro cesses affecting accuracy and distortion in memory: An overview, in M. L. Eisen, G. S. Goodman, & J. A. Quas (eds.), Memory and Suggestibility in the Forensic Interview (pp. 3–

28) (Mah-

wah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002).

10. The story about Don Thomson can be found in B. Bower, Gone but not forgotten: Scientists uncover pervasive unconscious infl uences on memory, Science News 138, 20 (1990), 312– 314.

Notes to Pages 116–123 ê 273

11. The curse of knowledge, hindsight bias, and other topics are covered in Jacoby, Bjork, & Kelley, Illusions of comprehension, competence, and remembering, and in many other places.

A relatively recent review of the effects of fl uency can be found in D. M. Oppenheimer, The secret life of fl uency, Trends in Cognitive Science 12 (2008), 237– 241.

12. Social contagion of memory: H. L. Roediger, M. L. Meade, & E. Bergman, Social contagion of memory, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8 (2001), 365– 371

13. Two important reviews of the false consensus effect are found in L. Ross, The false consensus effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution pro

cesses, Journal of Experimental

Social Psychology 13 (1977), 279– 301, and G. Marks, N. Miller, Ten years of research on the false- consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review, Psychological Bulletin 102 (1987), 72– 90.

14. Flashbulb memories of 9/11: J. M. Talarico & D. C. Rubin, Confi dence, not consistency, characterizes fl ashbulb memories, Psychological Science 14 (2003), 455– 461, and W. Hirst, E. A.

Phelps, R. L. Buckner, A. Cue, D.E. Gabrieli & M.K. Johnson Long- term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: Flashbulb memories, event memories and the factors that in-fl uence their retention, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138 (2009), 161– 176.

15. Eric Mazur material comes from his YouTube lecture “Confessions of a converted lecturer,” available at www .youtube .com

/watch ?v=WwslBPj8GgI, accessed October 23, 2013.

16. The curse of knowledge study about guessing tunes tapped out is from L. Newton, Overconfi dence in the communication of intent: Heard and unheard melodies (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1990).

17. The Dunning- Kruger effect originated with Justin Kruger & David Dunning, Unskilled and unaware of it: How diffi culties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to infl ated self-assessments, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77

(1999), 1121– 1134. Many later experimental studies and articles have been based on this one. See D. Dunning, Self- Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself (New York: Psychology Press, 2005).

Notes to Pages 123–131 ê 274

18. Stories on student- directed learning: Susan Dominus, “Play-Dough? Calculus? At the Manhattan Free School, Anything Goes,” New York Times, October 4, 2010, and Asha Anchan,

“The DIY Approach to Education,” Minneapolis StarTribune, July 8, 2012.

19. Studies showing that students drop fl ashcards sooner than they should for long- term learning include N. Kornell & R. A.

Bjork, Optimizing self-

regulated study: The benefi ts— and

costs— of dropping fl ashcards, Memory 16 (2008), 125– 136, and J. D. Karpicke, Metacognitive control and strategy selection: Deciding to practice retrieval during learning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138 (2009), 469– 486.

20. Eric Mazur has published Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual, about his approach to teaching. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1997). In addition, he exemplifi es his approach in an engaging YouTube lecture, “Confessions of a converted lecturer,” described in Note 15. Again, it is http:// www .youtube

.com /watch ?v=WwslBPj8GgI, accessed October 23, 2013.

21. The Dunning quote comes from E. Morris, “The anosognosic’s dilemma: Something’s wrong but you’ll never know what it is”