98   Ibid., vol. 26, 4-4-1783.

99   Noel Porter, Arch Deacon of California, San Francisco, California “The Religious Life of George Washington, in History of the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, volume II, Literature Series, (Washington, D.C.: United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission, 1932).

CHAPTER 10

1     WGW, vol. 3, 9-21-1775: WGW September 21, 1775 has the following note: Trumbull had written: “I am surprised that mine of the 5th instant was not received, or not judged worthy of Notice, as no mention is made of it. Stonington had been Attacked, and severely cannonaded, and by divine Providence marvelously protected. New London and Norwich are still menaced by the Ministerial Ships and Troops, that the militia cannot be thought sufficient for their security. That is necessary to cast up some Entrenchments. We are obliged actually to raise more Men for their Security, and for the Towns of New Haven and Lyme. I hoped some of the new Levies might have been left here, till these dangers were over, without injury to any of your Operations. I own that must be left to your Judgment. Yet it would have given me pleasure to have been acquainted that you did consider it. I thank Divine Providence and you for this early warning to great care and watchfulness, that so the Union of the Colonies may be settled on a permanent and happy Basis... “You may depend on our utmost Exertions for the defence and security of the Constitutional Rights and Liberty of the Colonies, and of our own in particular. None have shown greater forwardness, and thereby rendered themselves more the Object of Ministerial Vengeance. I am, with great Esteem and Regard for your personal Character,” etc. Trumbull’s letter, dated Sept. 15, 1775, is in the Washington Papers.

2     WGW, vol. 11, 5-2-1778.

3     Ibid., vol. 2, 5-30-1768. Quoted by Fitzpatrick from Boucher’s autobiography.

4     See examples WGW, vol. 1, 1-6-1756; 1, 11-24-1756; vol. 7, 4-9-1777; vol.7 4-17-1777; vol. 8 5-12-1777; vol.8 5-14-1777; vol.8, 5-23-1777, vol. 8, 6-3-1777; vol. 8 6-6-1777; vol.8, 6-20-1777; vol.8, 7-18-1777; vol.8, 7-24-1777; vol.9, 8-28-1777; vol.9, 9-1-1777; vol.9, 10-7-1777; vol.9, 10-10-1777; vol.9, 10-22-1777; vol.9, 10-25-1777; vol.9, 10-26-1777; vol.10, 11-10-1777; vol.10, 11-18-1777; vol.10, 12-3-1777; vol.10, 12-22-1777; vol.10, 12-25-1777; vol.10, 1-1-1778; vol.10, 1-3-1778; vol.10, 1-11-1778; vol.10, 1-14-1778; vol.10, 1-18-1778; vol.10, 1-28-1778, vol.10, 2-4-1778; vol.10, 2-8-1778; vol.36, 9-25-1798; vol. 36, 9-24-1776; vol.36, 7-16-1798; vol.36, 7-22-1798; vol.17, 11-20-1779; vol.36, 7-4-1798; vol. 37, 6-6-1799; vol.10, 1-29-1778; vol.31, 3-9-1792; vol.36, 10-15-1798; vol.37, 4-23-1799; vol.12, 8-24-1778; etc...

5     Ibid., vol. 7, 4-21-1777; vol. 8, 5-9-1777; vol. 8, 5-10-1777; vol. 8, 6-6-1777; vol. 8, 7-19-1777; vol. 9, 8-27-1777; vol. 9, 9-1-1777; vol. 9, 9-6-1777; vol. 10, 11-21-1777; vol. 10, 11-23-1777; vol. 11, 3-1-1778; vol. 11, 3-26-1778; vol. 25, 8-23-1782.

6     Ibid., vol. 1, 10-10-1756; vol. 5, 6-28-1776; vol. 6, 10-8-1776; vol. 6, 10-22-1776; vol. 6, 12-1-1776; vol. 6, 12-10-1776; vol. 7, 1-13-1777; vol. 8, 5-31-1777; vol. 9, 8-4-1777; vol. 10, 1-30-1778; vol. 11, 4-11-1778; 3, vol. 7-10-1775; vol. 12, 8-21-1778; vol. 18, 5-28-1780.

7     Ibid., vol. 6, 9-11-1776; vol. 10, 11-14-1777; vol. 10, 1-10-1778.

8     Ibid., vol. 6, 10-11-1776; vol. 7, 1-13-1777; vol. 8, 5-12-1777; vol. 8, 6-10-1777; vol. 8, 6-19-1777; vol. 11, 3-12-1778; vol. 11, 3-24-1778; vol. 11, 3-25, 1778; vol. 11, 3-31-1778; vol. 11, 3-22-1778; vol. 24, 7-5-1782.

9     Ibid., vol. 7, 4-30-1777; vol. 8, 6-4-1777; vol. 8, 6-7-1777; vol. 9, 8-9-1777; vol. 1, 5-29-1754; vol. 3, 8-1-1775; 7, vol. 2-14-1777; vol. 7, 2-24-1777; vol. 26, 4-18-1783; vol. 27, 11-2-1783.

10   Ibid., vol. 1, 13-19-1756; vol. 2, 9-18-1757; vol. 3, 6-18-1775; vol. 3, 6-19-1775; vol. 3, 9-26-1775; vol. 4, 3-31-1776; vol. 5, 5-5-1776; vol. 5, 7-14-1776; vol. 6, 9-30-1776; vol. 6, 11-6-1776; vol. 7, 2-4-1777; vol. 7, 4-9-1777; vol. 2, 1-1757; vol. 2, 9-17-1757; vol. 3, 9-21-1775; vol. 5, 7-22-1776; vol. 16, 7-29-1779; vol. 27, 1-3-1784; vol. 28, 9-5-1785; vol. 34, 9-7-1795; vol. 35, 5-15-1796; vol. 10, 1-4-1778; vol. 20, 11-20-1780; vol. 27, 12-6-1783; vol. 27, 12-19-1783; vol. 30, 1-9-1790; vol. 33, 4-8-1794; vol. 36, 9-25-1798.

11   Ibid., vol. 2, 4-23-1758; vol. 3, 8-20-1775; vol. 5, 8-17-1776; vol. 5, 4-29-1777; vol. 7, 2-4-1777; vol. 7, 2-10-1777; vol. 7, 2-18-1777; vol. 10, 2-6-1778; vol. 10,, 2-18-1778; vol. 11, 3-5-1778; vol. 11, 3-10-1778; vol. 2, 1-1757; vol. 30, 3-23-1789; vol. 37, 1-15-1799; vol. 8, 5-6-1777; vol. 26, 4-25-1783; vol. 26, 5-15-1783; vol. 27, 12-15-1783; vol. 27, 5-15-1784; vol. 31, 12-5-1790; vol. 31, 5-20-1791; vol. 34, 4-20-1795; vol. 35, 8-8-1796.

12   Ibid., vol. 11, 3-7-1778; vol. 3, 8-20-1775; vol. 26, 3-18-1783; vol. 29, 3-31-1787; vol. 29, 3-26-1788; vol. 29, 4-25-1788; vol. 30, 4-30-1789; vol. 35, 5-15-1796; vol. 26, 4-4-1783; vol. 26, 4-5-1783; vol. 28, 6-22-1785; vol. 28, 8-22-1785; vol. 28, 11-30-1785; vol. 29, 11-5-1786; vol. 29, 11-15-1786; vol. 31, 2-13-1790; vol. 34, 10-16-1794; vol. 34, 12-22-1795; vol. 36, 7-14-1798; vol. 35, 9-19-1796; vol. 26, 6-8-1783; vol. 33, 5-6-1794.

13   Ibid., vol. 35, 7-7-1797; vol. 3, 6-10-1774; vol. 5, 6-13-1776; vol. 5, 6-27-1776; vol. 5, 7-6-1776; vol. 5, 8-11-1776; vol. 5, 8-12-1776; vol. 7, 2-14-1777; vol. 7, 2-19-1777; vol. 7, 4-7-1777; vol. 5, 8-7-1776; vol. 8, 6-28-1777; vol. 14, 4-5-1779; vol. 20, 10-25-1780; vol. 20, 11-16-1780; vol. 21, 2-22-1781.

14   Ibid., vol. 36 3-8-1798; vol. 3, 9-26-1775; vol. 37, 7-21-1799; vol. 3, 10-9-1774; vol. 29, 10-18-1787; vol. 31, 3-28-1790; vol. 33, 7-21-1793; vol. 36, 3-1798; vol. 33, 8-26-1794.

15   Ibid., vol. 11, 4-10-1778; vol. 11, 4-17-1778; vol. 35, 4-7-1797; vol. 36, 1-29-1798; vol. 36, 2-12-1798; vol. 36, 4-8-1798; vol. 36, 9-14-1798; vol. 37, 11-24-1799; vol. 28, 6-30-1785; vol. 33, 12-18-1793; vol. 36, 9-4-1797; vol. 27, 9-6-1783; vol. 28, 8-17-1785; vol. 28, 11-10-1785; vol. 28, 6-26-1786; vol. 27, 9-6-1783; vol. 31, 4-8-1790; vol. 32, 1-6-1793; vol. 33, 12-23-1793; vol. 33, 7-27-1794; vol. 33, 8-3-1794; vol. 34, 5-24-1795; vol. 35, 4-7-1797.

16   Ibid., vol. 29, 4-25-1788; vol. 31, 3-8-1792; vol. 33, 1-23-1794; vol. 35, 8-19-1796; vol. 30, 1-18-1788; vol. 31, 9-20-1790; vol. 31, 11-15-1791; vol. 32, 8-31-1792; vol. 32, 11-14-1792; vol. 32, 11-17-1792; vol. 32, 11-30-1792; vol. 33, 4-11-1794; vol. 33, 3-6-1795; vol. 35, 7-25-1796; vol. 35, 8-5-1796; vol. 36, 9-25-1798; vol. 35, 7-15-1796; vol. 35, 12-7-1796; vol. 30, 5-10-1789; vol. 30, 8-1789; vol. 26, 5-10-1786; vol. 31, 9-16-1791; vol. 33, 7-21-1793; vol. 35, 7-8-1796.

17   Ibid., vol. 4, 11-15-1775; 30, 11-30-1789; 30, 11-22-1789; 30, 11-30-1789; 34, 9-27-1795; 34, 9-28-1795; 34 10-29-1795;

18   Ibid., vol. 9, 8-4-1777; vol. 36, 7-30-1798; vol. 35, 7-30-1798; vol. 36, 8-10-1798; vol. 36, 8-20-1798; vol. 37, 1-20-1799.

19   Ibid., vol. 11, 3-21-1778; vol. 1, 9-8-1756; vol. 28, 2-27-1786.

20   Ibid., vol. 9, 9-28-1777; vol. 10, 2-21-1778; vol. 2, 2-25-1768; vol. 3, 6-24-1771; vol. 32, 12-18-1792; vol. 37, 4-7-1799; vol. 2, 10-9-1769; vol. 15, 6-1-1779; vol. 17, 11-11-1779; vol. 28, 4-12-1785; vol. 28, 5-25-1785; vol. 29, 12-3-1787; vol. 31, 11-7-1791; vol. 34, 1-12-1795.

21   Ibid., vol. 11, 3-13-1778; vol. 36, 10-18-1798; vol. 1, 4-23-1754; vol. 1, 10-17-1755; vol. 1, 11-9-1756; vol. 2, 12-2-1758; vol. 4, 10-13-1775; vol. 5, 5-15-1776; vol. 5, 6-16-1776; vol. 5, 6-24-1776; vol. 27, 8-3-1783; vol. 32, 1-23-1793; vol. 33, 3-31-1794; vol. 35, 2-28-1797; vol. 35, 7-7-1797.

22   Ibid., vol. 32, 4-18-1793; vol. 36, 9-25-1798.

23   Ibid., vol. 34, 11-23-1794; vol. 34, 3-15-1795.

24   Ibid., vol. 9, 8-21-1777; vol. 1, 4-23-1755; vol. 2, 10-4-1763; vol. 3, 8-4-1775; vol. 23, 10-27-1781; vol. 27, 7-14-1784; vol. 29, 2-11-1788; vol. 34, 11-23-1895; vol. 34, 2-1-1796.

25   Ibid., vol. 3, 4-25-1773; vol. 34, 1-16-1795.

26   Ibid., vol. 5, 7-9-1776; vol. 5, 8-3-1776; vol. 11, 5-2-1778; 30, also see 5-26-1789: On May 26 the General Assembly of Presbyterian churches in the United States, meeting in Philadelphia, sent an address to Washington. His answer, which is undated in the “Letter Book,” follows immediately after the copy of the address. In it he wrote in part: “While I reiterate the professions of my dependence upon Heaven as the source of all public and private blessings; I will observe that the general prevalence of piety, philanthropy, honesty, industry, and economy seems, in the ordinary course of human affairs, particularly necessary for advancing and confirming the happiness of our country. While all men within our territories are protected in worshipping the Deity according to the dictates of their consciences; it is rationally to be expected from them in return, that they will be emulous of evincing the sanctity of their professions by the innocence of their lives and the beneficence of their actions; for no man, who is profligate in his morals, or a bad member of the civil community, can possibly be a true Christian, or a credit to his own religious society. I desire you to accept my acknowledgments for your laudable endeavours to render men sober, honest, and good Citizens, and the obedient subjects of a lawful government.”

27   Ibid., vol. 10, 1-2-1778; vol. 11, 3-11-1778; vol. 11, 3-13-1778; vol. 11, 3-27-1778; vol. 11, 4-10-1778; vol. 35, 5-15-1796.

28   Ibid., vol. 3, 9-21-1775: WGW, September 21, 1775 has the following note: Trumbull had written: “I am surprised that mine of the 5th instant was not received, or not judged worthy of Notice, as no mention is made of it. Stonington had been Attacked, and severely cannonaded, and by divine Providence marvelously protected. New London and Norwich are still menaced by the Ministerial Ships and Troops, that the militia cannot be thought sufficient for their security. That tis necessary to cast up some Entrenchments. We are obliged actually to raise more Men for their Security, and for the Towns of New Haven and Lyme. I hoped some of the new Levies might have been left here, till these dangers were over, without injury to any of your Operations. I own that must be left to your Judgment. Yet it would have given me pleasure to have been acquainted that you did consider it. I thank Divine Providence and you for this early warning to great care and watchfulness, that so the Union of the Colonies may be settled on a permanent and happy Basis... “You may depend on our utmost Exertions for the defence and security of the Constitutional Rights and Liberty of the Colonies, and of our own in particular. None have shown greater forwardness, and thereby rendered themselves more the Object of Ministerial Vengeance. I am, with great Esteem and Regard for your personal Character,” etc. Trumbull’s letter, dated Sept. 15, 1775, is in the Washington Papers.

29   Ibid., vol. 3, 9-21-1775. Governor Trumbull graciously replied on October 9, 1775: “I have no disposition to increase the weight of your burdens, which, in the multiplicity of your business, must be sufficiently heavy, nor inclination to disturb the harmony so necessary to the happy success of our public operations. I am persuaded no such difficulty will any more happen. It is unhappy, that jealousies should be excited, or disputes of any sort litigated, between any of the colonies, to disunite them at a time, when our liberty, our property, our all is at stake. If our enemies prevail, which our disunion may occasion, our jealousies will then appear frivolous, and all our disputed claims of no value to either side.” See WGW, vol. 3, 9-21-1775.

30   Ibid., vol. 28, 10-1-1785.

31   Ibid., vol. 1, 13-19-1756.

32   Ibid., vol. 9, 9-19-1777 Washington wrote to the President of Congress, “I was honored, this Morning, with your favors of the 17th and 18th with their Inclosures. I am much obliged to Congress for the late instance of their Confidence, expressed in their Resolution of the 17th, and shall be happy, if my conduct in discharging the objects they had in view, should be such, as to meet their approbation.” The significance of this is that Congress had in essence given Washington the power of a dictator. Fitzpatrick writes in a note to this letter: “The necessity of a speedy removal of Congress from Philadelphia, and the uncertainty as to the time of the next meeting, moved Congress to confer powers upon Washington which practically made him a dictator: ‘Resolved, That General Washington be authorized and directed to suspend all officers who shall misbehave, and to fill up all vacancies in the American army, under the rank of brigadiers, until the pleasure of Congress shall be communicated: to take, wherever he may be, all such provisions and other articles as may be necessary for the comfortable subsistence of the army under his command, paying or giving certificates for the same; to remove and secure for the benefit of the owners, all goods and effects, which may be serviceable to the enemy; provided, that the powers hereby vested shall be exercised only in such parts of these states as may be within the circumference of 70 miles of the head quarters of the American army, and shall continue in force for the space of 60 days, unless sooner revoked by Congress.’ (See Journals of the Continental Congress, Sept. 17, 1777.)”

33   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-4-1783.

34   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-4-1783.

35   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-4-1783.

36   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-4-1783.

37   Ibid., vol. 26, 3, 15, 1783 quotes this letter from Col. David Cobb.

38   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-15-1783.

39   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-15-1783.

40   Ibid., vol. 26, 3-15-1783.

41   Ibid., vol. 2 1-1757.

42   Ibid., vol. 34, 7-31-1795.

43   Ibid., vol. 28, 11-30-1785.

44   Ibid., vol. 10, 1-8-1778. See also the note from WGW, vol. 32, 6-30-1792.

45   Ibid., vol. 12, 6-11-1778.

46   Ibid., See note, vol. 2, 12-9-1758

47   Ibid., vol. 12-9-1758.