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three and five hundred thousand oocytes: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Committee Opinion No. 589: Female Age-Related Fertility Decline,” Fertility and Sterility 101, no. 3 (2014; reaffirmed 2022): 633–634, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.fertnstert.2013.12.032.

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“The eggs do not”: Angier, Woman, 3.

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the ovary is the first organ: Jiachen Wu, Yang Liu, Yinhua Song, Lingjuan Wang, Jihui Ai, and Kezhen Li, “Aging Conundrum: A Perspective for Ovarian Aging,” Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (2022), doi.org/​10.3389/​fendo.2022.952471.

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While it’s a biological reality: Emily Witt, “The Future of Fertility,” New Yorker, April 17, 2023, newyorker.com/​magazine/​2023/​04/​24/​the-future-of-fertility.

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“There’s no one age”: Christina Caron, “Raising Concerns About a Widely Used Test to Measure Fertility,” New York Times, October 16, 2017, nytimes.com/​2017/​10/​16/​health/​fertility-test-ovarian-reserve.html.

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Chapter 3

the country’s first birth control clinic: “Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Brownsville Clinic,” Margaret Sanger Papers Project, 1991, sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/​articles/​seventieth_anniversary_of_brownsville/.

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Before I tell you more: “Our History,” Planned Parenthood Federation of America, accessed August 2, 2022, plannedparenthood.org/​about-us/​who-we-are/​our-history [inactive].

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For the next several days: William Clifford Roberts, “Facts and Ideas from Anywhere,” Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 28, no. 3 (2015): 421–432, doi.org/​10.1080/​08998280.2015.11929297.

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Sanger was arrested: Sam Roberts, “Trotsky’s Bronx Headquarters and Other New York Arcana,” New York Times, September 10, 1995, nytimes.com/​1995/​09/​10/​nyregion/​trotsky-s-bronx-headquarters-and-other-new-york-arcana.html.

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“Woman can never”: Margaret Sanger, “Morality and Birth Control,” February 1918, Margaret Sanger Papers Project, sanger.hosting.nyu.edu/​documents/​speech_morality_and_bc/.

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“the key word was ‘control’ ”: Jonathan Eig, The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014), 46.

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bestselling method: Libby Copeland, “From Medical Pariah to Feminist Icon: The Story of the IUD,” Smithsonian Magazine, June 15, 2017, smithsonianmag.com/​science-nature/​medical-pariah-feminist-icon-story-iud-180963699/.

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Prior to FDA approval: Megan Gibson, “One Factor That Kept the Women of 1960 Away from Birth Control Pills: Cost,” Time, June 23, 2015, time.com/​3929971/​enovid-the-pill/.

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Enovid clinical trials: “The Puerto Rico Pill Trials,” Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and WGBH Educational Foundation, 2023, pbs.org/​wgbh/​americanexperience/​features/​pill-puerto-rico-pill-trials/.

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nearly 10 percent of women: Copeland, “From Medical Pariah to Feminist Icon.”

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Thousands of patients suffered: “The story of the Dalkon Shield is a story of loss and suffering and bitterness and pain,” began a 1987 New York Times article about the early IUD. “It is a story of individual heartbreak and corporate defeat. And it is a story that points up the difference between science and law.” Gina Kolata, “The Sad Legacy of the Dalkon Shield,” New York Times Magazine, December 6, 1987, nytimes.com/​1987/​12/​06/​magazine/​the-sad-legacy-of-the-dalkon-shield.html.

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After paying billions: “Guide to the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust Collection,” 1970–1988, MSS 00-4, Special Collections, University of Virginia Law Library, archives.law.virginia.edu/​resources/​guide-dalkon-shield-claimants-trust-collection.

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dented the legitimacy and popularity: “Pharmaceutical companies witnessed how one IUD caused billions of dollars in liabilities and the bankruptcy of a major pharmaceutical company. They also realized that IUDs were not as profitable as their less controversial oral contraceptive product lines.” Because of this, between 1983 and 1988 there were no IUDs on the market in the United States. See Clare L. Roepke and Eric A. Schaff, “Long Tail Strings: Impact of the Dalkon Shield 40 Years Later,” Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 16 (2014): 996–1005, doi.org/​10.4236/​ojog.2014.416140.

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Across the globe: M. Laopaiboon, P. Lumbiganon, N. Intarut, R. Mori, T. Ganchimeg, J. P. Vogel, J. P. Souza, and A. M. Gülmezoglu, “Advanced Maternal Age and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Multicountry Assessment,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 121, no. S1 (2014): 49–56, doi.org/​10.1111/​1471-0528.12659.

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Now it’s twenty-eight: U.S. Census Bureau, “Estimated Median Age at First Marriage, by Sex: 1890 to Present,” Historical Marital Status Tables, last modified November 2022, census.gov/​data/​tables/​time-series/​demo/​families/​marital.html.

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Women with college degrees: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2015–2019,” 2023, cdc.gov/​nchs/​data/​nhsr/​nhsr179.pdf.

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roughly seven years later: Quoctrung Bui and Claire Cain Miller, “The Age That Women Have Babies: How a Gap Divides America,” New York Times, August 4, 2018, nytimes.com/​interactive/​2018/​08/​04/​upshot/​up-birth-age-gap.html.

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The median age: U.S. Census Bureau, “Stable Fertility Rates 1990–2019 Mask Distinct Variations by Age,” April 6, 2022, census.gov/​library/​stories/​2022/​04/​fertility-rates-declined-for-younger-women-increased-for-older-women.html.

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Now it’s twenty-seven: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Births: Final Data for 2021,” 2023, cdc.gov/​nchs/​data/​nvsr/​nvsr72/​nvsr72-01.pdf.

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