Muhammed dies.
634–644
Muslim conquests of Egypt, Libya, Persia and Syria.
637
Muslim forces under Caliph Umar the Great lay siege to Jerusalem; the city falls after a year.
649
First Arab attacks on Cyprus.
655
Muslims destroy the Byzantine fleet in a naval engagement.
656–661
War breaks out between Muslim factions resulting in the split of Islam into Shia and Sunni divisions.
678
First Muslim siege of Constantinople.
688
Muslim troops withdrawn from Cyprus and the island is required to pay tribute to both Constantinople and the caliphate in Baghdad.
698
Christian city of Carthage falls to Muslim forces.
711–713
Muslim conquest of much of the Iberian Peninsula.
713
Corsica falls to Muslim forces.
717
Second Muslim siege of Constantinople.
732
10 October
Invading Muslim forces are defeated by the Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours.
746
Byzantine forces regain control of Armenia and Syria.
