Fatimid caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of all churches and synagogues in his realm; destruction includes the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
1030
Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir authorises the rebuilding of a church on the site of Christ’s tomb; the second Church of the Holy Sepulchre is built with funding from Byzantium.
1034
Pisans launch a raid against Muslim North Africa.
1061
Norman conquest of Sicily begins.
1066
14 October
Battle of Hastings; Normans establish their rule in England.
1071
26 August
Seljuks, recent converts to Islam, decisively defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert; Normans end Byzantine rule in Italy with the capture of Bari.
1073
Seljuks under Emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq capture Jerusalem from the Fatimids.
1074
Pope Gregory VII proposes a campaign to liberate Jerusalem and assist the Eastern Roman Empire against the Turks.
1077
Jerusalem rebels against Emir Atsiz while he is fighting in Egypt; on his return he massacres the population.
1081
Norman invasion of Greece.
1085
Alfonso VI, King of Castile, expels the Muslims from Toledo.
1086
Christian Antioch falls to the Seljuks.
1087
Joint Pisan, Genoese, Roman and Amalfi forces destroy one of the main bases for Arab raiding and piracy in what is now Tunisia.
1095
November
