768–814
Reign of Charlemagne in Europe.
ca. 825
Muslim conquest of Crete.
827–902
Muslim conquest of Sicily.
837
Muslim forces raid the Italian peninsula.
846
Muslim raiders sack Rome, including St Peter’s Cathedral.
853
Byzantine raids in Egypt.
878
Egyptian forces under Shia leader Ahmad ibn Tulun capture Jerusalem from the Abbasid caliphate.
888
Muslims establish a base in Provence for raiding throughout the region.
904
Sunni Abbasids regain control of Jerusalem.
961
Byzantines regain control of Crete.
969
Fatimids (Shia Muslims) conquer Jerusalem from the Abbasids a second time; establish Fatimid caliphate in Cairo.
965
Byzantines re-establish a presence on Cyprus.
997
Muslim raiders pillage the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain.
1009