Sanskrit 136–7, 141–3, 146, 154

soroban/suanpan and 197, 199

Sumerian 73

Demosthenes 104–5

demotic number symbols 96, 97, 98, 106, 139, 140, 183

Denisovans 43

denominate numbers 170

devices, counting see machines, counting

digital devices 186, 216, 219, 220, 221, 223–4

dinar 148

division 82

Arabic numerals and 170, 184

beads and 36

Brahmi number symbols and 142, 143, 144, 149–50, 152

ciphering books and 168

counting board and 129, 158

cuneiform and 82, 83

soroban and 199, 200, 201

tables 199

Djufachi 94

double-entry bookkeeping 164–5

dust numerals/dust board 150–2, 158, 165, 181

East Asia, machines that count in 6, 166, 185, 186–224. See also individual nation name

Easter Island 250

eggs, counting 227–30, 228

Egypt

Assyria and 86

cuneiform in 85

finger counting and 113

language 70, 92–8, 93, 106, 148–9, 183

number symbols in 69–70, 92–8, 93, 99, 106, 134, 139, 140, 148–9, 183

Electric Tabulation Machine 204–6, 205

electrical machines 186, 200, 201–2, 204–6, 205, 289

email 218

end point 41, 181, 184–5, 289

ENIAC, University of Pennsylvania 217

Enlightenment 172, 175

Esioh son of Djechensertais 92

Eskimo-Aleut 260

estimate, ability to 289

animals and 3, 11–12, 13–18, 20, 21, 22, 23–5

humans and 11, 19–25, 20, 287

Etruscan 105–6

Europe

abacus in 198

counters and counting boards in 6, 99–133, 103, 113, 122, 125, 126, 128, 288

Homo sapiens enter 43

number symbols from India/Arabic numerals and 134, 156, 157–81, 163, 167, 178, 288

Palaeolithic cave art 44–6, 45, 47–56, 47

even numbers 36, 152, 192