Everett, Daniel L. 279–81, 283–4

exchequer, English 129, 165

experimental trials 175

Ezra, Abraham ibn 160

Fertile Crescent, invention and use of number symbols in 6, 69–98, 99, 186, 254. See also individual nation name

fertility calendar 46

finger counting

cave art and 1, 36, 47–56, 47

counting boards and 132

finger gnosia and 49

Groote Eylandt 230, 233

Mayan 273

New Guinea body-tallies and 237–8, 239, 240, 242, 243

origins of 6, 31, 36, 47–56, 47, 60, 61, 62, 64, 287

persistence of 289

Pirahã and 281

Roman finger-counting system 112–17, 113, 219

Sumerian 73, 79

Yup’ik 260

fish

counting 247, 249, 251, 260

numerical abilities 13, 14, 15, 25, 28

Florence 164

food management 3

fractions 120, 127, 129, 143, 149–50, 152, 160, 181

French Revolution (1789) 129, 130

frescoes 117

functional magnetic resonance imaging 22

games, counting 255–61, 255

ganitas 142

Gentleman’s Magazine 176

geometry 99, 121, 143, 151, 157, 193

Gerbert of Aurillac 158–9, 164

gesture, counting with 36, 203

Anindilyakwa 229–30, 233, 234

finger-counting and see finger-counting

hands, counting with see hands, counting with

Oceania and 5, 226, 229–30, 233, 234, 235–43, 237, 243, 252, 260, 285

Oksapmin and 235–43, 237, 252

origins of 47–56, 47, 58

Pirahã and 285

Yup’ik and 260

Gordon, Peter 282–3

grammatical number 61

Greece

alphabetic number symbols 101–11, 139, 149, 154, 183

Arabic numerals and 181

counter culture of ancient 99–100, 101–11, 103, 112, 113, 118–20, 127

counting boards and 118–20, 127, 198

Egyptian script under Greek domination 70, 92–8