calculation on, origins of 132–3, 140, 142, 150–2, 154, 181, 184–5, 288
census and 207–8, 213
counting boards and 158, 165
digital technology and 224
origins of 150
place-value system of number symbols 141–2
soroban calculation and 200, 202
The Account Keeper (Maes) and 166–72, 167, 171, 191
papyrus 88–9, 92, 94, 96
parchment 88–9, 124, 162, 163, 164, 181
parietal lobes 22
peacock problem 144, 144
pebbles 31, 61, 73, 102–3, 108, 109, 119–20, 124, 131, 230
perfect numbers 152
Persians 92–4, 113, 117, 149, 150
Philokleon 101–5, 107, 109, 110
phonetic signs 81, 97, 139
Pirahã 279–85
place-value system 141–6, 149, 154, 159–61, 164, 174, 184, 193
Plato 65
Plautus 114
Plofker, Kim 138
plunder 84–91, 89
Polynesia 226, 246, 248–50, 251, 252
Polynesian languages 248–50, 251, 252
Pomo 262–9, 263
positional systems 86, 97, 136, 141, 249–50
potsherds (ostraka) 108, 109, 124
pottery 272, 276
professionals, first numerate 79–80
proto-counting 12
psephoi (pebbles) 102–3, 109
Ptolemy I 92–3
punched-card machines 204–5, 208–9, 212, 213–14, 217, 220
quartz 40–1, 262
Quinhagak 255, 261
Quintilian 114
Quiringa 277–8
Rum (hand-signs for numbers) 149
rain gauge 177
