6.“Facts About Girl Scouts,” Girl Scouts website, accessed February 13, 2023, www.girlscouts.org/en/footer/faq/facts.html.
7.“About Us,” EDWINS website, accessed May 25, 2023, edwinsrestaurant.org/about-us/; see also Ed Pilkington, “Inside the Restaurant Serving Up Second Chances for Ex-prisoners,” Guardian, November 26, 2019.
8.Homepage, More in Common website, accessed February 13, 2023, www.moreincommon.com.
9.Peter F. Drucker, Managing the Non-Profit Organization: Principles and Practices (New York: HarperCollins 1990), 3; see also William Meehan III and Kim Jonker, Engine of Impact: Essentials of Strategic Leadership in the Nonprofit Sector (Stanford: Stanford Business Books, 2017), 27.
CHAPTER 2: IMPACT
1.Jim Collins is a leading researcher and author on business leadership. One of his best-known books is Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don’t (New York: Harper Business, 2001). This quote comes from his monograph on nonprofits titled Good to Great and the Social Sectors (London, England: Random House Business Books, 2006).
2.“Delivering So Much More Than a Meal,” Meals on Wheels America website, accessed February 13, 2023, www.mealsonwheelsamerica.org/learn-more/what-we-deliver.
3.“Impact Report 2019,” Change.org website, accessed February 13, 2023, static.change.org/brand-pages/impact/reports/2020/2020_Impact+Report_Change_EN_final.pdf.
4.“Our Impact,” Heritage Foundation website, accessed February 13, 2023, www.heritage.org/our-impact.
5.“Our Story,” Ali Forney website, accessed February 13, 2023, www.aliforneycenter.org/our-story.
6.“Free Distribution or Cost Sharing? Evidence from a Malaria Prevention Experiment in Kenya,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2010, www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/research-paper/83%20Dupas%20QJE.pdf.
7.“Tracking spending on cash transfer programming in a humanitarian context,” Development Initiatives, March 2012, devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/cash-transfer-financing-final.pdf.
8.Dylan Matthews, “A Charity Dropped a Massive Stimulus Package on Rural Kenya—and Transformed the Economy,” Vox, November 25, 2019, www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/11/25/20973151/givedirectly-basic-income-kenya-study-stimulus; see also “Unconditional Handouts Benefit Recipients—and Their Neighbours Too,” Economist, November 23, 2019, www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/11/23/unconditional-handouts-benefit-recipients-and-their-neighbours-too.
9.“Cash Transfers Help Pakistan’s Poorest,” World Bank website, May 19, 2016, https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2016/05/19/cash-transfers-help-pakistans-poorest.
10.“World Bank Signs $400 Million Project to Protect India’s Poor and Vulnerable from the Impact of COVID-19,” World Bank website, December 16, 2020, www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/12/16/world-bank-signs-usd400-million-project-to-protect-india-s-poor-and-vulnerable-from-the-impact-of-covid-19.
11.Ugo Gentilini, Mohamed Almenfi, Ian Orton, and Pamela Dale, “Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures,” World Bank website, April 17, 2020, openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33635.
12.This quote is often attributed to Albert Einstein, but it appears the correct source is sociologist William Bruce Cameron in his 1963 text Informal Sociology: A Casual Introduction to Sociological Thinking (New York: Random House, 1963).
13.“Unlocking What Works: How Community-Based Interventions Are Ending Bonded Labour in India,” Freedom Fund website, September 2019, freedomfund.org/wp-content/uploads/Freedom-Fund-Evidence-in-Practice-Paper-Unlocking-what-works.pdf.
14.Ken Roth, email exchange with author, August 28, 2022.
15.Collins, Good to Great and the Social Sectors, 8.
16.L. Becker, J. Wolf, and R. Levine, “Measuring Commitment to Health: Global Health Indicators Working Group Consultation Report” (Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2006).
17.Arthur C. Brooks, “AEI’s President on Measuring the Impact of Ideas,” Harvard Business Review, March–April 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/03/aeis-president-on-measuring-the-impact-of-ideas.
18.Dan Vexler, “What Exactly Do We Mean by Systems?” Stanford Social Impact Review, June 22, 2017, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/what_exactly_do_we_mean_by_systems.
19.Nick Grono, “How Measuring Systems Change Can Open the Door to Transformative Impact,” Center for Effective Philanthropy blog, January 2023, https://cep.org/how-measuring-systems-change-can-open-the-door-to-transformative-impact/.
CHAPTER 3: STRATEGY
1.John Lewis Gaddis is Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History at Yale University. This quote is from his book On Grand Strategy (New York: Penguin Press, 2018).
2.Wendy Kopp’s senior thesis at Princeton University, as recounted in Sarah Thorp (2000), Teach For America, HBS 9-300-084, hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/. See also Bill George, Diana Mayer, and Andrew N. McLean (2007), Wendy Kopp and Teach For America (A), HBS 9-406-125, hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/.
3.Thorp, Teach For America, 7; also Wendy Kopp interview, “Creating an Education Leadership Movement with Teach For All,” System Catalysts podcast, July 4, 2023, https://www.systemcatalysts.com/episodes/creating-an-education-leadership-movement-with-teach-for-all.
4.Michael Brown of City Year, quoted in Collins, Good to Great and the Social Sectors, 16.
5.Thorp, Teach For America, 9; George et al., Wendy Kopp and Teach For America (A), 5; Bill George, Diana Mayer, and Andrew N. McLean (2007), Wendy Kopp and Teach For America (B), HBS 9-407-031, hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/.
6.Wendy Kopp, “Criticism Toward Teach For America Is Misplaced,” Washington Post, September 18, 2014.
7.“Our Impact,” Teach For America website, https://www.teachforamerica.org/what-we-do/our-impact, accessed May 30, 2023.
8.President Dwight Eisenhower, “Remarks at the National Defense Executive Reserve Conference,” November 14, 1957, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-national-defense-executive-reserve-conference.
9.Patrick Dunne, “From a Maps to Satnav World—The Way Boards Take Decisions Is Changing,” LinkedIn, September 28, 2021, www.linkedin.com/pulse/from-maps-satnav-world-way-boards-take-decisions-changing-dunne/.
10.Susan Colby, Nan Stone, and Paul Carttar, “Zeroing In on Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2004, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/zeroing_in_on_impact.
11.“What Can Scaling Organizations Learn from Teach For America? It All Starts with Your Theory of Change,” Bellwether, February 5, 2015, https://bellwether.org/blog/what-can-scaling-organizations-learn-from-teach-for-america-it-all-starts-with-your-theory-of-change-3/.
PEOPLE: BUILD THE ORGANIZATION
1.Reid Hoffman is the cofounder of LinkedIn. This quote is from the book he coauthored with Ben Casnocha, The Start-Up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself, and Transform Your Career (New York: Currency, 2012).
CHAPTER 4: THE CEO
1.Mary Parker Follett was a leading leadership thinker and writer in the early decades of the last century. This quote is from her 1924 book, Creative Experience.
