6.Wendy Kopp, “Criticism Toward Teach For America Is Misplaced,” Washington Post, September 18, 2014.

7.“Our Impact,” Teach For America website, https://www.teachforamerica.org/what-we-do/our-impact, accessed May 30, 2023.

8.President Dwight Eisenhower, “Remarks at the National Defense Executive Reserve Conference,” November 14, 1957, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-national-defense-executive-reserve-conference.

9.Patrick Dunne, “From a Maps to Satnav World—The Way Boards Take Decisions Is Changing,” LinkedIn, September 28, 2021, www.linkedin.com/pulse/from-maps-satnav-world-way-boards-take-decisions-changing-dunne/.

10.Susan Colby, Nan Stone, and Paul Carttar, “Zeroing In on Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall 2004, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/zeroing_in_on_impact.

11.“What Can Scaling Organizations Learn from Teach For America? It All Starts with Your Theory of Change,” Bellwether, February 5, 2015, https://bellwether.org/blog/what-can-scaling-organizations-learn-from-teach-for-america-it-all-starts-with-your-theory-of-change-3/.

PEOPLE: BUILD THE ORGANIZATION

1.Reid Hoffman is the cofounder of LinkedIn. This quote is from the book he coauthored with Ben Casnocha, The Start-Up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself, and Transform Your Career (New York: Currency, 2012).

CHAPTER 4: THE CEO

1.Mary Parker Follett was a leading leadership thinker and writer in the early decades of the last century. This quote is from her 1924 book, Creative Experience.

2.Email to author, September 26, 2022.

3.Cited by Collins, Good to Great and the Social Sectors, 10.

4.Françoise Moudouthe, email to author, November 15, 2022.

5.Daniel Goleman, “Leadership That Gets Results,” Harvard Business Review, March–April 2000, https://hbr.org/2000/03/leadership-that-gets-results.

6.Goleman, “Leadership That Gets Results.”

7.Greg Mortenson, Three Cups of Tea (New York: Penguin Books, 2006); see also Jon Krakauer, “3000 Cups of Deceit,” Medium, July 21, 2014, https://medium.com/galleys/greg-mortenson-disgraced-author-of-three-cups-of-tea-believes-he-will-have-the-last-laugh-760949b1f964#.gbzin9b4t.

8.Mortenson published a follow-up book, From Stones into Schools, in 2009, which was also widely promoted by him and CAI. See Montana Attorney General’s Investigative Report of Greg Mortenson and Central Asia Institute, Office of Consumer Protection Montana Department of Justice, April 2012, accessed June 20, 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20121027082246/https://files.doj.mt.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012_0405_FINAL-REPORT-FOR-DISTRIBUTION.pdf.

9.“The . . . scene in Korphe about building a school happened in September 1994, a year later,” according to Greg Mortenson, quoted in Alex Heard, “Greg Mortenson Speaks,” Outside, April 13, 2011, https://www.outsideonline.com/adventure-travel/destinations/asia/greg-mortenson-speaks/; see also Jon Krakauer, “3000 Cups of Deceit.”

10.“Questions over Greg Mortenson’s Stories,” 60 Minutes, CBS News, April 19, 2011.

11.“Questions over Greg Mortenson’s Stories,” 60 Minutes; and Kevin Sieff, “Mortenson Returns to Afghanistan, Trying to Move Past His ‘Three Cups of Tea’ Disgrace,” Washington Post, October 12, 2014.

12.Montana Attorney General’s Report.

13.Nicholas Kristof, “‘Three Cups of Tea,’ Spilled,” New York Time, April 20, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/21/opinion/21kristof.html.

14.Sieff, “Mortenson Returns to Afghanistan, Trying to Move Past His ‘Three Cups of Tea’ Disgrace.”

15.Montana Attorney General’s Report, 13.

16.Peter Hessler, “What Mortenson Got Wrong,” New Yorker, April 21, 2011, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-mortenson-got-wrong.

17.Herminia Ibarra and Anne Scoular, “The Leader as Coach,” Harvard Business Review, November–December 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-leader-as-coach.

18.Goleman, “Leadership That Gets Results.”

19.Goleman, “Leadership That Gets Results”; see also Ibarra and Scoular, “The Leader as Coach.”

20.T. J. Saporito, “It’s Time to Acknowledge CEO Loneliness,” Harvard Business Review, February 15, 2012, https://hbr.org/2012/02/its-time-to-acknowledge-ceo-lo.

21.Marc A. Feigen, Michael Jenkins, and Anton Warendh, “Is It Time to Consider Co-CEOs?” Harvard Business Review, July–August 2022, https://hbr.org/2022/07/is-it-time-to-consider-co-ceos.

CHAPTER 5: THE TEAM

1.Doris Kearns Goodwin is a renowned historian of US presidential leadership. This quote comes from a speech to Pittsburgh Arts and Lectures on October 28, 2019.

2.See 2020 Top Foreign Policy and International Affairs Think Tanks (Table 19) in James G. McGann, “2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report” (2021), TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports, 166.

3.Wale Odunsi, “International Crisis Group Appoints Nigeria’s Comfort Ero as President,” Daily Post, December 24, 2021, dailypost.ng/2021/12/24/international-crisis-group-appoints-nigerias-comfort-ero-as-president/.

4.Bryan Walker and Sarah A. Soule, “Changing Company Culture Requires a Movement, Not a Mandate,” Harvard Business Review, June 20, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/06/changing-company-culture-requires-a-movement-not-a-mandate.

5.Michael D. Watkins, “What Is Organizational Culture? And Why Should We Care?” Harvard Business Review, May 15, 2013, https://hbr.org/2013/05/what-is-organizational-culture.

6.Jennifer Howard-Grenville, Brooke Lahneman, and Simon Pek, “Organizational Culture as a Tool for Change,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Summer 2020, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/organizational_culture_as_a_tool_for_change.

7.Boris Groysberg, Jeremiah Lee, Jesse Price et al., “The Leader’s Guide to Corporate Culture,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/01/the-leaders-guide-to-corporate-culture.

8.Specifically, the “value” of their companies. John R. Graham, Campbell R. Harvey, Jillian Popadak, and Shivaram Rajgopal, “Corporate Culture: Evidence from the Field,” National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2017, www.nber.org/papers/w23255.

9.Howard-Grenville et al., “Organizational Culture as a Tool for Change.”

10.Donald Sull, Charles Sull, and Ben Zweig, “Toxic Culture Is Driving the Great Resignation,” MIT Sloan Management Review, January 11, 2022, sloanreview.mit.edu/article/toxic-culture-is-driving-the-great-resignation/.

11.Brittany Levine Beckman, Mashable, June 12, 2020, https://mashable.com/article/crisis-text-line-ceo-ousted-nancy-lublin.

12.On Mercy Corp. Mike Baker, New York Times , May 9, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/19/us/mercy-corps-abuse-investigation.html.

13.On Women Deliver. Sonia Elks, Reuters, June 18, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-aid-racism-trfn/top-womens-rights-group-probes-claims-of-racism-by-staff-idUSKBN23P25Y.

14.Rob Preston, Civil Society Media, June 17, 2022, www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/bullying-culture-and-toxic-urge-to-protect-the-brand-found-at-amnesty-international-uk-in-racism-inquiry.html#sthash.8uu5Ffyg.dpuf.

15.Colum Lynch and Shabtai Gold, Devex, November 24, 2022, https://www.devex.com/news/review-slams-culture-of-fear-potential-fraud-other-failings-at-unops-104521.

16.BBC, March 8, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43324754.

17.Zack Colman, Politico, November 12, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/12/audubon-society-claims-intimidation-threats-436215; see also Jeremy P. Jacobs, E&E News, “Can Audubon’s New CEO Detoxify Its Workplace?,” November 22, 2021, https://www.eenews.net/articles/can-audubons-new-ceo-detoxify-its-workplace/.

18.C. O’Reilly and Jennifer Chatman, “Culture as Social Control: Corporations, Cults and Commitment,” in Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18, eds. B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996): 166, cited in Donald Sull, Charles Sull, and Andrew Chamberlain, “Measuring Culture in Leading Companies,” MIT Sloan Management Review, June 24, 2019.

19.D. Sull et al., “Measuring Culture.”