47 Whether their recollections were favorable or unfavorable, those who knew Tom Pappas and his immediate family or worked with him (and those who learned stories second-hand) overwhelmingly asked that their names not be identified.
48 Lilly MacCrakis, interview, 4/1/2014
49 CIA Intelligence Information Cable, SECRET, Priority, “King Constantine’s Plans to Force Resignation of Prime Minister Papandreou,” LBJL, National Security Files, Komer, 1965 Cabinet Crisis, 1/21/1965; Lagoudakis, “The April Coup.” Lagoudakis Papers, Boston University, Box 143, Box 216
50 Ibid.
51 John Owens, ADST
52 Tsoucalas, 193; “Athenian,” Inside the Colonels, 54
53 The shorthand chant shouted was “Ena, ena tessera,” a reference to Article 114 of the 1952 Greek constitution, entrusting its protection to “the patriotism of the Greeks,” Clogg (Elections), 52
54 Ibid., 206 (Tsoucalas spells his name “Barnum”); Draenos, email to JHB, 11/25/2014
55 It was alleged that Pappas had earlier bribed Queen Frederika with $1 million, followed by $250,000 annual “retainers” to use her influence to help advance his business interests. Murtagh, 49; State Dept. intelligence specialist Charilaos Lagoudakis said “the Palace did buy Center Union deputies” and there is strong “circumstantial evidence” that the CIA’s Maury helped the Palace make its purchases, presumably with the involvement of Tom Pappas. Pyrros, 190
56 To Vima, magazine supplement, 7/30/2012
57 EPD “Athens Cautioned on Dictatorship” (NANA), The Press (Jamaica, NY), 9/15/1965
58 Anschuetz memo, 7/27/1965
59 Pappas criticized Robert Kennedy and George Papandreou and praised LBJ, then asked the President to invite Prime Minister Stephanopoulos to the White House to bolster his standing against opponents; Pappas also asked the US to put a nuclear reactor in Greece. “For the record,” 3/16/1966, LBJL; Pappas followed this with a request to LBJ through Joe Califano to send White House aide Mike Manatos to Greece to represent the President at the opening of his industrial complex; Pappas to Califano, 3/26/1966; Johnson’s immediate response was to ask Larry O’Brien to call him, then Califano on 4/15/1966 warmly wrote Pappas saying Manatos could not be spared at the time. LBJL
60 Kubly, 350
61 In 1968, when asked about his involvement with the CIA, he would tell the pro-junta newspaper Apogevmatini “I’m very proud of it. I have worked for the CIA every time they asked me for help,” 7/18/1968.
62 Karamessines to Director, “Memorandum for Director of Central intelligence via Deputy Director for Plans, Subject: Ilias Dimitrakopoulos,” 3/14/1966
63 Victor Stier to Donald Taylor, 5/19/1966
64 Event-related materials in EPDP
65 Nancy Jackson to EPD, 4/11/1966; The Jackson letter reconstructed a 3/1965 conversation she had with Salinger in which he explicitly claimed EPD was a “Communist,” adding “while I was at the White House, he wasn’t even allowed to interview Sister Kenny [a leader in the fight against polio].” Shortly afterward, EPD angrily told Victor Stier at USIA headquarters that he’d heard from an unnamed male friend in LA that Salinger was smearing Elias, claiming that he was a “double agent.” Victor Stier, Program and Policy Officer, D.C., to Donald Taylor, PAO, Athens, 5/19/1966
66 CIA [redacted] Report prepared 10/1/1966; 9/22–25/1966; CIA report on Senator Hartke’s visit to Greece, 10/17/1966; CIA [redacted] memorandum, 10/14/1966
67 “No ‘Turkeys’ for Black Tie,” WP, 5/23/1966
68 EPD, McCormack interview, ADP, 8/9/1966
69 Ibid.
70 Eliot Janeway (Prescriptions), 42–3; The Janeway Service (newsletter), Vol. 13, no. 644, 9/28/1966; Janeway, “Greece Feels Policy of U.S. Is One-Sided,” Chicago Tribune, 7/28/1966
15: FROM REPORTER TO ACTIVIST
1 Sulzberger, C. L. An Age of Mediocrity; Memoirs and Diaries 1963-1972. New York: Macmillan, 1978, 284.
2 FRUS, 1964–68, XVI, doc. 255
3 FRUS, 1964–68, XVI, doc. 259, 3/8/1967 and doc. 261, 3/13/1967
4 Maury, WP, 5/1/1977
5 FRUS, 1964–68, 16:555, no. 261, LBJL, National Security File, Intelligence File, Greek Coup, 3/13/1967
6 FRUS, XVI, doc. 259–61; Meeting of 303 Committee, Memorandum for the Record, doc. 261 FRUS; Marquis Childs, “A Coup in Greece—A Bit of Blackmail,” WP, 5/15/1967, inserted in Congressional Record by Senator Fulbright, 12572, 5/15/1967; The Greek Junta: A Retrospective,” National Herald, 4/21/2007; Tsoucalos, 203; J. E. Miller, 130; Draenos (Andreas), 280–1
7 FRUS, XVI, doc. 264, 3/24/1967
8 FRUS 1961-1964, XVI, doc. 265, Secret Letter from Amb. Talbot to Country Director for Greece (Brewster), 3/30/1967; doc. 267, Secret telegram from Department of State (Rusk) to the Embassy in Greece (Talbot), 4/3/1967
9 CONFIDENTIAL Memorandum for the Files: “Conversation between General Norstad and Former Greek Prime Minister Karamanlis, 3/3/1967, NARA Greece Record Group 59; Sulzberger (Postscript), 274, 277; letters to EPD from Senators Frank Moss and Quentin Burdick (5/3/1990) confirming they and Senator Wayne Morse received similar information from a 1975 “executive branch” briefing
10 J. E. Miller, 133
11 M. Papandreou (Nightmare), 132–9
12 Draenos (Andreas), 299; Woodhouse (Rise), 23
13 FRUS, 1964–68, doc. 225, Field Information Report, 3/7/1966 and doc. 245, Field Information Report, 12/20/1966, noted the rightest conspiratorial group had been in existence since late 1963 and had met secretly on 12/13/1966.
14 Stern, 45–6 (DCM Norbert Anschuetz received the tip in early April); Keely (Colonels’ Coup), 86; Draenos (Andreas), 302–3; Klarevas, 36
15 Lagoudakis, “The April Coup,”28–9, Lagoudakis collection, Boston University, Box 143; Charles M. Perkins, US Army Attaché, “Plans of idea for coup and military dictatorship in Greece,” 8/7/1965 in Lagoudakis file
