7 E.g. “off-the-record” dinner meeting, 7/27/1953; “off-the-record stag dinner” 4/1/1954; President’s luncheon for Queen Frederika, 10/23/1958; luncheon, DDEL, Pappas file
8 Ibid., The President’s Appointments, 6/1/1953; correspondence from Mamie Eisenhower to Pappas, different dates, for presents including “exquisite” birthday gift of rubies and sapphires in shape of “Evzon shoe” of Royal Guard of Greece, 11/14/1957, Presidential Appointment Files, WHCF President’s Personal File, WHCF General File, DDEL
9 “T. A. Pappas, 89, Dies, Was Envoy to Greece,” NYT, 1/17/1988
10 Director FBI, 11/27/57, Confidential, State Dept. 1/30/1957; 10/21/1957; WH memo, 2/21/1959, Greece: Pappas; WHCF 2/17/1959; Executive Order 10450—security requirements for Government Employment
11 In a surprise to the FBI, Pappas somehow obtained a copy of the FBI report and wrote a stinging rebuttal to the charges, “Analysis of points raised in Pappas memorandum (undated).” Because Pappas was a “close personal friend of the President,” FBI rechecked its intelligence and found the damaging data “to be correct,” Nichols to Jones, FBI memorandum, 2/14/1957; Nichols to Tolson, FBI, 2/20/1957; financial condition, 10/17/1929, other information updated in 3/24/1969 FBI report.
12 “Secret/No Foreign Distribution,” 3/24/1969, FBI, describing erroneous 2/1950 information; Executive Order 10450-Security requirements for Government Employment
13 John Foster Dulles Papers, 1/1957; Maxwell Rabb Papers, DDEL
14 Pappas letter to President Eisenhower, 6/26/1956; described in 5/29/1953 Rawlins-to-Barrow memo as “one of the biggest money raisers in the Republican Party,” Maxwell Rabb Papers, Box 35, DDEL
15 Pappas telegram to Nixon, 3/14/1956; Nixon letter to Pappas, 3/17/1956, RMNL
16 Pat Hillings memo to Rose Mary Woods, 7/25/1956; memorandum, RN to RLK, 8/6/1956, RMNL
17 Nixon to Pappas, 1/26/1960, RMNL
18 Leonard Hall to Pappas, 7/7/1960; Stanley E. McCaffrey to Spyros P. Skouras, 7/18/1960, RMNL
19 E.g. Pappas letter to Nixon, 4/27/1961; Nixon to Pappas 4/29/1961; Nixon to Pappas, 11/8/1961; Pappas to Nixon, 11/18/1961, RMNL
20 Pappas telephone call to Rose Mary Woods, 1/9/1961, RMNL
21 Summers (Arrogance), 46–9, 54–8; Hersh (Camelot), 157
22 James C. Warren, Jr., ADST, 3/22/2001
23 Ibid., 30
24 Draenos (Andreas), 78; Unger, Boston After Dark, 10/12/1971
25 As testimony before the US Senate’s Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee would later expose (1968), “The Pappas interests account for fully 75 percent of the total United States private investment and 54 percent of the actual capital exports to Greece.” And in the country itself, Pappas holdings (in assets) ranked second in the petroleum industry, third in coal, and fifth in basic both metals and chemicals. US Senate hearings on economic concentration, 1968, Part 7
26 Westebbe, interview, 12/11/2011
27 (1) reducing the number of monopolies; (2) increasing the Greek public’s share of oil profits; (3) eliminating ESSO as Pappas’s sole source of crude oil; (4) reducing the Pappas monopoly on the import of domestically consumed oil; (5) increasing the Greek bank security deposit requirement for Pappas’s steel mill.
28 Ibid.; it was described as “the biggest single foreign investment ever made in Greece,” “Greece: Americans Bearing Gifts,” TIME, 5/22/1964.
29 Draenos, “Liberal Awakening,” 135. Andreas returned from the United States in 1959. In the early 1960s he ran the Center of Economic Research, financed by both the Karamanlis government and the Ford and Rockefeller foundations. The Center was designed to complement Kennedy Administration soft power initiatives that promoted mixed-economy approaches.
30 Peter B. Swiers, ADST, 5/27/1994
31 Howe, Power Peddlers, 422
32 Ibid.
33 CONFIDENTIAL [redacted] Report, 1/22/1960
34 E.g. ADP, 2/8/1964; Tsoucalos, 182
35 CIA, SECRET [redacted] report, 4/1964
36 CIA [redacted], 6/23/1964; FBI, 6/23/1964
37 Draenos (Andreas), 82–3
38 Joyce to EPD, 3/4/1964
39 Draenos email to JHB, 3/3/2019. Elias considered Andreas’s behavior unscrupulous. He was even more outraged when Andreas humiliated Margaret in 1987 by abandoning her for an Olympic Airways stewardess barely half his age. Cody, Edward, “Papandreou Embroiled in Love, Money,” WP, 12/2/1988
40 Reuters, “Blast Kills 13 During Ceremony,” Fort Lauderdale News, 11/30/1964
41 “US Embassy Denies Involvement in Gorgopotamos Bloody Incident,” Ethnos, 8/5/1965; AmEmb speculated EDP “actually involved in fabrication of document,” Confidential, AmEmb to SecState, 8/6/1965; “Embassy (Vigderman) to USIS (Taylor), Confidential Investigator’s Query,” 2/24/1966
42 12/15/1964 meeting, EPDP; In May 1966, McCone (no longer CIA director) unexpectedly met EPD when visiting Gov. Brown’s California office. McCone “assured” EPD that his suspicions regarding persecution and discrimination by CIA were completely unfounded. [Redacted] CIA account of conversation, 6/9/1966; CIA memorandum, 8/30/1967
43 Roubatis, 197; Tsoucalas, 187
44 State Dept., Field Information Report, Athens, 3/7/1966; FRUS, 1961–1964, XVI, doc. 225
45 Tsoucalas, 186
46 Ibid.
