unlikely to ever have children: Pew Research Center, “Growing Share of Childless Adults in U.S. Don’t Expect to Ever Have Children,” 2021, pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/11/19/growing-share-of-childless-adults-in-u-s-dont-expect-to-ever-have-children/.
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Why are young adults: Claire Cain Miller, “Americans Are Having Fewer Babies. They Told Us Why,” New York Times, July 5, 2018, nytimes.com/2018/07/05/upshot/americans-are-having-fewer-babies-they-told-us-why.html.
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Their reasons: Miller, “Americans Are Having Fewer Babies.”
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climate change affects their decision: Catherine Clifford, “53% of Parents Say Climate Change Affects Their Decision to Have More Kids,” CNBC, cnbc.com/2023/06/20/climate-change-affects-53percent-of-parents-decision-to-have-more-kids.html.
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adjusted their family planning: Danielle McNally, “Women Are Deciding to Have Fewer Children, and Global Warming Is to Blame,” Marie Claire, February 7, 2022, marieclaire.com/politics/climate-change-fertility-modern-fertility-survey/.
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“Around the world”: Anna Louie Sussman, “The End of Babies,” New York Times, November 16, 2019, nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/opinion/sunday/capitalism-children.html.
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“our workweeks”: Sussman, “The End of Babies.”
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brutal: See, for example, Claire Cain Miller, “The Relentlessness of Modern Parenting,” New York Times, December 25, 2018, nytimes.com/2018/12/25/upshot/the-relentlessness-of-modern-parenting.html.
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most educated generations: Pew Research Center, “Millennial Life: How Young Adulthood Today Compares with Prior Generations,” 2019, pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/02/14/millennial-life-how-young-adulthood-today-compares-with-prior-generations-2/.
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don’t have biological children: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2015–2019,” 2023, cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr179.pdf.
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decades-long trend: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States.” Delayed childbearing, the report also notes, increased ninefold between 1972 and 2012.
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“When I was much younger”: Jan Moir, “The Rules Every Woman Should Live By: She’s One of the World’s Most Celebrated (and Colorful) Feminists. At 81, Gloria Steinem Reveals What She’s Learned,” Daily Mail, March 16, 2016, dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-3468553/The-rules-women-live-s-one-world-s-celebrated-colourful-feminists-81-Gloria-Steinem-reveals-s-learned.html.
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Chapter 14
Portions of this chapter were previously published in The Guardian on May 13, 2018, under the title “Their Embryos Were Destroyed. Now They Mourn the Children They’ll Never Have.”
Facts about the Ohio and California tank failures were gathered from the author’s own reporting, legal documents, news reports, state health department findings, and documentation that affected patients received from University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Pacific Fertility.
“After the March 2018 mishap”: Nicholas Iovino, “Tank Manufacturer Accuses Fertility Clinic of Falsifying Data in Frozen Eggs Trial,” Courthouse News Service, May 27, 2021, courthousenews.com/tank-manufacturer-accuses-fertility-clinic-of-falsifying-data-in-frozen-eggs-trial/.
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One recent example: Neil Vigdor, “ ‘We Had Their Baby, and They Had Our Baby’: Couple Sues over Embryo ‘Mix-Up,’ ” New York Times, November 9, 2021, nytimes.com/2021/11/09/us/fertility-clinic-embryo-mixup.html.
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at least nine: Anar Murphy, Sindhu Gollapudi, and Michael G. Collins, “Legal Case Study of Severe IVF Incidents Worldwide: Causes, Consequences, and High Emotional, Financial, and Reputational Costs to Patients and Providers,” North American Proceedings in Gynecology & Obstetrics 2, no.1 (2022): 22, doi.org/10.54053/001c.37563.
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nearly 30 percent: “FertilityIQ Protocol: How to Pick a Fertility Doctor,” FertilityIQ, accessed February 3, 2023, fertilityiq.com/topics/ivf/fertilityiq-protocol-how-to-pick-a-fertility-doctor.
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misdiagnosed, mislabeled, or mishandled: Dov Fox, “What Happens When Reproductive Tech Like IVF Goes Awry?” Wired, July 17, 2019, wired.com/story/when-ivf-goes-awry.
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restrict federal funding: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Fetal Research and Applications: A Conference Summary (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1994), doi.org/10.17226/4797.
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states are left to: Kirstin R. W. Matthews and Daniel Morali, “Can We Do That Here? An Analysis of US Federal and State Policies Guiding Human Embryo and Embryoid Research,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 9, no. 1 (2022): 124, doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac014.
