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have reported that: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Disparities in Access to Effective Treatment for Infertility in the United States: An Ethics Committee Opinion,” Fertility and Sterility 116, no. 1 (2021): 54–63, doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.019.
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wouldn’t feel comfortable: Jihan Thompson, “Why Are So Many Black Women Suffering Through Infertility in Silence?,” Women’s Health, October 29, 2018, womenshealthmag.com/health/a23320626/infertility-race-survey/.
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raises deeper questions: Avery Stone, “More and More Companies Are Covering the Cost of Egg Freezing. But Who Is It Really For?,” Vice, May 26, 2020, vice.com/en/article/ep448j/more-companies-are-covering-the-cost-of-egg-freezing-who-is-it-really-for-v27n2.
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7 percent are Black: Genevieve Glass, “America Expected a Pandemic Baby Boom. It Got an Egg-Freezing One Instead,” The Lily, June 7, 2021, thelily.com/america-expected-a-pandemic-baby-boom-it-got-an-egg-freezing-one-instead/.
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understudied and underreported: Leena Nahata, Amy C. Tishelman, Nicole M. Caltabellotta, and Gwendolyn P. Quinn, “Low Fertility Preservation Utilization Among Transgender Youth,” Journal of Adolescent Health 61, no. 1 (2017): 40–44, sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1054139X16309582.
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“There’s no question that”: Shira Stein, “Fertility Practices, Coverage Lacking for Transgender People,” Bloomberg Law, May 17, 2019, news.bloomberglaw.com/health-law-and-business/fertility-practices-coverage-lacking-for-transgender-people.
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Chapter 10
most ethnically diverse place: Brittny Mejia, “How Houston Has Become the Most Diverse Place in America,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2017, latimes.com/nation/la-na-houston-diversity-2017-htmlstory.html.
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most widely prescribed: Brown University, “50 Years Ago, Clomid Gave Birth to the Era of Assisted Reproduction,” September 13, 2017, brown.edu/news/2017-09-13/clomiphene.
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“involving the Pope’s blessing”: Oliver Staley, “The Strange Story of a Fertility Drug Made with the Pope’s Blessing and Gallons of Nun Urine,” Quartz, June 26, 2016, qz.com/710516/the-strange-story-of-a-fertility-drug-made-with-the-popes-blessing-and-gallons-of-nun-urine.
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“Donini called”: Staley, “The Strange Story of a Fertility Drug.”
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“Within two years”: Staley, “The Strange Story of a Fertility Drug.”
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from Chinese hamsters: Nadezhda A. Orlova, Sergey V. Kovnir, Yulia A. Khodak, Mikhail A. Polzikov, Victoria A. Nikitina, Konstantin G. Skryabin, and Ivan I. Vorobiev, “High-Level Expression of Biologically Active Human Follicle Stimulating Hormone in the Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Line by a Pair of Tricistronic and Monocistronic Vectors,” PLOS One 14, no. 7 (2019): e0219434, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219434.
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quite low: Paolo Emanuele Levi-Setti, Federico Cirillo, Valeria Scolaro, Emanuela Morenghi, Francesca Heilbron, Donatella Girardello, Elena Zannoni, and Pasquale Patrizio, “Appraisal of Clinical Complications After 23,827 Oocyte Retrievals in a Large Assisted Reproductive Technology Program,” Fertility and Sterility 109, no. 6 (2018): 1038–1043e1, doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.002.
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experience mild OHSS: “Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) Caused by Fertility Treatment,” Embryo Project Encyclopedia, last modified October 20, 2020, hdl.handle.net/10776/13175.
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severe case: It’s rare to die from OHSS, but the condition can lead to other immediate and serious health issues. In one case I read, a twenty-four-year-old Florida woman who had forty-five eggs retrieved had a stroke the next day, likely due to the blood clots caused by severe OHSS.
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Lupron label warns of: “Lupron Injection,” Food and Drug Administration, accessed June 19, 2023, accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/019010s037lbl.pdf [inactive].
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off-label: Rebecca S. Usadi and Kathryn S. Merriam, “On-Label and Off-Label Drug Use in the Treatment of Female Infertility,” Fertility and Sterility 103, no. 3 (2015): 583–594, doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.011.
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has been linked with: “Women Fear Drug They Used to Halt Puberty Led to Health Problems,” Christina Jewett, Kaiser Health News and Reveal, February 2, 2017, kffhealthnews.org/news/women-fear-drug-they-used-to-halt-puberty-led-to-health-problems/; Jenny Sadler Gallagher, Stacey A. Missmer, Mark D. Hornstein, Marc R. Laufer, Catherine M. Gordon, and Amy D. DiVasta, “Long-Term Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists and Add-Back in Adolescent Endometriosis,” Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 31, no. 4 (2018): 376–381, doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2018.03.004.
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“evaluating the need”: “Potential Signals of Serious Risks/New Safety Information Identified by the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS),” Food and Drug Administration, last modified January 6, 2023, fda.gov/drugs/questions-and-answers-fdas-adverse-event-reporting-system-faers/january-march-2017-potential-signals-serious-risksnew-safety-information-identified-fda-adverse.
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