too conservative: David Sable, “White-Boarding the Future of IVF,” Medium, January 30, 2021, dbsable.medium.com/healthcares-industry-in-waiting-white-boarding-the-future-of-ivf-9cecc150c3ba.
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“The ability to fertilize”: Rebecca Traister, All the Single Ladies: Unmarried Women and the Rise of an Independent Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016), 270.
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was removed in 2019: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Fertility Preservation in Patients Undergoing Gonadotoxic Therapy or Gonadectomy: A Committee Opinion,” Fertility and Sterility 112, no. 6 (2019): 1022–1033, fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(19)32355-6/fulltext.
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hundreds of live births: Angeliki Arapaki, Panagiotis Christopoulos, Emmanouil Kalampokas, Olga Triantafyllidou, Alkis Matsas, and Nikolaos F. Vlahos, “Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation in Children and Adolescents,” Children 9, no. 8 (2022): 1256, doi.org/10.3390/children9081256.
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“When I started”: Alexandra Sifferlin, “Exclusive: First U.S. Baby Born After a Uterus Transplant,” Time, December 1, 2017, time.com/5044565/exclusive-first-u-s-baby-born-after-a-uterus-transplant/.
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successfully converting: David Cyranoski, “Mouse Eggs Made from Skin Cells in a Dish,” Nature 538, no. 301 (2016), doi.org/10.1038/nature.2016.20817.
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stem cells in mice: Takashi Yoshino, Takahiro Suzuki, Go Nagamatsu, Haruka Yabukami, Mika Ikegaya, Mami Kishima, Haruka Kita, et al., “Generation of Ovarian Follicles from Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells,” Science 373, no. 6552 (2021): 282, doi.org/10.1126/science.abe0237.
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“is on the precipice”: Rob Stein, “Creating a Sperm or Egg from Any Cell? Reproduction Revolution on the Horizon,” NPR, May 27, 2023, npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/05/27/1177191913/sperm-or-egg-in-lab-breakthrough-in-reproduction-designer-babies-ivg.
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“We’re really hopeful”: Emily Witt, “The Future of Fertility,” New Yorker, April 17, 2023, newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/24/the-future-of-fertility.
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“have it all”: “Why I Froze My Eggs,” Newsweek, May 1, 2009, newsweek.com/why-i-froze-my-eggs-79867.
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“One of the central tensions”: Susan Burton, “The Outcomes,” The Retrievals (podcast), produced by New York Times and Serial, August 3, 2023, nytimes.com/2023/08/03/podcasts/serial-the-retrievals-yale-fertility-clinic.html.
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Zoladex shots: After she finished cancer treatment, Bridget’s fertility doctor told her that “the jury is still really out” on whether or not Zoladex (the drug’s chemical name is goserelin) is effective—which made Bridget feel lucky. “I certainly don’t regret doing Zoladex, even if it turns out it did nothing,” Bridget told me later, “because it made me feel like I was doing something to protect my fertility during a time that I was receiving, directly into my body, medication so toxic that the person administering it wore a hazmat suit.” See Bo Yu and Nancy E. Davidson, “Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists for Fertility Preservation: Is POEMS the Final Verse?,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 111, no. 2 (2019): 107–108, doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy188.
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fallopian tubes and ovaries surgically removed: Melissa Walker, Michelle Jacobson, and Mara Sobel, “Management of Ovarian Cancer Risk in Women with BRCA1/2 Pathogenic Variants,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 191, no. 32 (2019): e886–e893, doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.190281.
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struggle to cobble together: Marcia C. Inhorn, Daphna Birenbaum-Carmeli, Lynn M. Westphal, Joseph Doyle, Norbert Gleicher, Dror Meirow, Hila Raanani, Martha Dirnfeld, and Pasquale Patrizio, “Medical Egg Freezing: How Cost and Lack of Insurance Cover Impact Women and Their Families,” Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online 5 (2018): 82–92, doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2017.12.001.
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for intelligence: “Genetic Test to Screen Embryos for Low Intelligence Developed in US,” Progress Educational Trust, November 19, 2018, progress.org.uk/genetic-test-to-screen-embryos-for-low-intelligence-developed-in-us/.
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federal administrative agency: Mary Ann Mason and Tom Ekman, Babies of Technology: Assisted Reproduction and the Rights of the Child (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), 198.
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“humans will begin”: Henry T. Greely, The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 2.
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Chapter 16
twenty-year clinical study: Raffaella Fabbri, Rossella Vicenti, Valentina Magnani, Roberto Paradisi, Mario Lima, Lucia De Meis, Stefania Rossi, et al., “Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation: 20 Years Experience in Bologna University,” Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 (2022), doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1035109.
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Thomas: He asked for his name to be changed to protect the privacy of his and Remy’s family.
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Index
