Paine, Robert, 89–90, 174

Palaeozoic era

extinction events of, 10–11, 10n

land vertebrates, 11–12

trilobites during, 5–10

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, 158, 158n, 214

parrotfish, 217–18

passenger pigeons, 81–82

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 109–15, 111n, 112n, 117–19, 121, 125, 278n109

pelagic sharks, 82–86, 90, 100, 102, 107

penguins

adaptations of, 75–76

colonies of, 62–66, 73–74

courtship and mating, 57–58

early studies of, 59–62

extinction possibility, 68–70, 77–78

feathers of, 56–59

as orca food source, 111

in prehistoric seas, 23–24, 24n

perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) “forever chemicals,” 115–17, 115n

Permian extinction event, 10

persistent organic pollutants, 112, 112n

Philippines, 195

phytoplankton, xvii, 18, 38, 112–13, 120, 171

pilot whales, 51

pinnipeds, 23

plastic pollution, xii–xiii, 111, 119–21, 216, 233–34, 240–42, 258–59

plesiosaurs, 12–13, 16

polar bears, 23, 113, 116

polar cod, 50–51

pollution

chemical, 109–19, 111n–12n, 115n, 120–21, 125, 241–44, 278n109

noise, 122–23, 163, 164

personal responsibility, 258–59

plastics, xii–xiii, 111, 119–21, 216, 233–34, 240–42, 258–59

sewage runoff, 38, 151, 171, 191–92, 197

solutions, 233–34, 240–44

polyfluoroalkyl “forever chemicals,” 115–17, 115n

porpoises, 21, 113–14, 119

prairies. See seagrass meadows

prehistoric life

bluefin tunas of, 136–37

Cenozoic era, 5, 17–18, 17n, 19–24

circulation of oceans, 19, 21, 22

coral reefs of, 24–26

global warming period of, 18

mammals of, 20–24

mass extinctions and radiations, 10–11, 10n, 16–18, 27–29

Mesozoic era, 5, 11–17

Palaeozoic era, 5–12, 10n