International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 81, 81n

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), xviii, 219

Isle of Arran, 147–53

Islesboro Oyster Company, 245

isoyake, 196, 196n

Java stingaree, 94

Jenouvrier, Stéphanie, 65–66, 77

jewel squid, 37

kelp forests

background, 168–69

biodiversity of, 169–70, 169n, 170n

decline of, 172–73, 187

farming methods, 244–46

otter-kelp connection, 177–78, 184–86

restoration efforts, 173, 180–86, 196–200, 197n

selective cutting of, 185–86

value of, 170–72

keystone (apex) predators, 89–93, 174, 178

killer whales. See orcas

king crabs, 32–34

king penguins, 24, 59

krill, 70–76, 71n, 121, 155–56, 234–35

Lady Shuckers, 244–45

Laminaria kelp, 170

Lamlash Bay, 147–53, 156–57

Lamlash Bay No Take Zone, 151–53, 156–57

Lanes Island Oysters, 245

Layton, Cayne, 199

lemon sharks, 98

Lessepsian migration, 41–42, 41n, 45

Liittschwager, David, 205

Lindisfarne, 161–62

lionfish, 30–31, 39–45, 216

lithium, 257

Lockheed Martin, 255

Lolita (orca), 123–25, 124n

Lulu (orca), 109–10, 111, 114, 119, 278n

Lummi nation, 124–25

lutruwita (Tasmania), 172, 198–200

Lyme Bay, 160–61

mackerel, 51

MacNeish, Dan, 149–51

maerl beds, 150–51, 151n, 153–54

Maersk, 255

Maldives, 213, 213n, 231–33, 233n

manatees, 21, 116

mangrove forests, 161, 194–96, 227, 227n, 239

Marine Reserves Act (Aotearoa), 149

marine snow, xvii, 113

marlin, 38