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separate out the real “you”: This notion that each of us regularly puts on a performance in front of others face-to-face, online, or even when we’re alone contemplating what others might think of us is part of a theatrical production metaphor for human living. See Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959).
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how you might frame goals: Brian R. Little, “The Integrative Challenge in Personality Science: Personal Projects as Units of Analysis,” Journal of Research in Personality 56 (2015): 93–101; Dan P. McAdams, “Personality, Modernity, and the Storied Self: A Contemporary Framework for Studying Persons,” Psychological Inquiry 7, no. 4 (1996): 295–321.
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strivings are a pretty cool way of describing yourself: For two modern comprehensive accounts of personality traits, see Colin G. DeYoung, “Cybernetic Big Five Theory,” Journal of Research in Personality 56 (2015): 33–58; William Fleeson and Eranda Jayawickreme, “Whole Trait Theory,” Journal of Research in Personality 56 (2015): 82–92.
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try to compose six strivings: Robert A. Emmons, “Personal Strivings: An Approach to Personality and Subjective Well-Being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51, no. 5 (1986): 1058–68; Brian R. Little, Katariina Salmela-Aro, and Susan D. Phillips, eds., Personal Project Pursuit: Goals, Action, and Human Flourishing (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2007).
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negative emotional experiences fell: Todd B. Kashdan and Patrick E. McKnight, “Commitment to a Purpose in Life: An Antidote to the Suffering by Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder,” Emotion 13, no. 6 (2013): 1150–59.
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sixteen-week “Internet-mediated walking program”: Caroline R. Richardson et al., “An Online Community Improves Adherence in an Internet-Mediated Walking Program. Part 1: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 12, no. 4 (2010): e71. Here are additional examples for the benefits of sharing goals with other people as a strategy to increase behavioral commitment and effort expenditure: Lorraine R. Buis et al., “Evaluating Active U: An Internet-Mediated Physical Activity Program,” BMC Public Health 9, no. 331 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-331; Paul J. Resnick et al., “Adding an Online Community to an Internet-Mediated Walking Program. Part 2: Strategies for Encouraging Community Participation,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 12, no. 4 (2010): e72.
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Sharing your mission plans: See the methodological details of all four studies in: Howard J. Klein et al., “When Goals Are Known: The Effects of Audience Relative Status on Goal Commitment and Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology 105, no. 4 (2020): 372–89.
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the hard work of Hunting Meaning: Klein et al., “When Goals Are Known.”
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Ahmet Altan: Ahmet Altan, I Will Never See the World Again: The Memoir of an Imprisoned Writer (New York: Other Press, 2019).
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Marcus Aurelius: Marcus Aurelius, Meditations (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1949).
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envision the multiple paths available: C. Richard Snyder, “Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind,” Psychological Inquiry 13, no. 4 (2002): 249–75.
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hope for the best, but brace for the worst: Julie K. Norem, “Defensive Pessimism, Anxiety, and the Complexity of Evaluating Self-Regulation,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2, no. 1 (2008): 121–34; Julie K. Norem, “Defensive Pessimism as a Positive Self-Critical Tool,” in Self-Criticism and Self-Enhancement: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications, ed. Edward C. Chang (Washington, DC: APA Press, 2008), 89–104.
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Positivity alone won’t help you: James D. Doorley et al., “Psychological Flexibility: What We Know, What We Do Not Know, and What We Think We Know,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 14, no. 12 (2020): 1–11.
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dissent despite pain: Todd B. Kashdan et al., “Understanding Psychological Flexibility: A Multimethod Exploration of Pursuing Valued Goals despite the Presence of Distress,” Psychological Assessment 32, no. 9 (2020): 829–50; Kashdan and Rottenberg, “Psychological Flexibility as a Fundamental Aspect of Health.”
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CHAPTER 7: WIN RESPONSIBLY
legalize production of the coca plant: Coca is the main ingredient in cocaine, hence the controversy over whether to ban the plant and criminalize cultivation. See Martín Sivak, Evo Morales: The Extraordinary Rise of the First Indigenous President of Bolivia (New York: Macmillan, 2010). For the medicinal properties of coca, see Douglas H. Boucher, “Cocaine and the Coca Plant,” BioScience 41, no. 2 (1991): 72–76.
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Officials also arrested farmers: Drugs and Democracy, “Human Rights Violations Stemming from the ‘War on Drugs’ in Bolivia,” Transnational Institute, December 23, 2005, https://www.tni.org/es/node/12035.
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three to four times greater gross national income: Isabella Gomez Sarmiento, “How Evo Morales Made Bolivia a Better Place . . . Before He Fled the Country,” NPR, November 26, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/11/26/781199250/how-evo-morales-made-bolivia-a-better-place-before-he-was-forced-to-flee; “Bolivia,” Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2011, Social Security Administration, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2010-2011/americas/bolivia.html.
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Latin America’s fastest growing economy: Stansfield Smith, “Eleven Years of the ‘Process of Change’ in Evo Morales’ Bolivia,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, January 3, 2018, http://www.coha.org/eleven-years-of-the-process-of-change-in-evo-morales-bolivia/.
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disband civil society organizations: José Miguel Vivanco, “Bolivia: Letter to President Evo Morales on Human Rights Legislation,” Human Rights Watch, December 15, 2014, https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/12/15/bolivia-letter-president-evo-morales-human-rights-legislation#_ftn3.
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