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witnesses were actually paid actors: Dan Herbeck, “Researcher Accused of Using Actors at Hearing Testimony at UB Led to Misconduct Acquittal,” Buffalo News, February 17, 2010, https://buffalonews.com/2010/02/16/researcher-accused-of-using-actors-at-hearing-testimony-at-ub-led-to-misconduct-acquittal/; “AG Charges Ex-UB Researcher in Fraud,” Business Journals, February 16, 2010, https://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/stories/2010/02/15/daily10.html.
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three powerful mental barriers: Jan-Willem van Prooijen and André P. M. Krouwel, “Psychological Features of Extreme Political Ideologies,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 2 (2019): 159–63.
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unsettled and uncertain at times: A message aligned with the work of my brilliant colleague Dr. Susan David: Susan David, Emotional Agility: Get Unstuck, Embrace Change, and Thrive in Work and Life (London: Penguin, 2016).
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recoil from creativity and cling to the familiar: Young Soo Lee, Jae Yoon Chang, and Jin Nam Choi, “Why Reject Creative Ideas? Fear as a Driver of Implicit Bias against Creativity,” Creativity Research Journal 29, no. 3 (2017): 225–35; Jennifer S. Mueller, Shimul Melwani, and Jack A. Goncalo, “The Bias against Creativity: Why People Desire but Reject Creative Ideas,” Psychological Science 23, no. 1 (2012): 13–17.
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they far prefer obedient rule-followers: Ellis Paul Torrance, “The Creative Personality and the Ideal Pupil,” Teachers College Record 65, (1963): 220–26; Erik L. Westby and V. L. Dawson, “Creativity: Asset or Burden in the Classroom?,” Creativity Research Journal 8, no. 1 (1995): 1–10.
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what they call “self-distancing”: Ethan Kross and Özlem Ayduk, “Self-Distancing: Theory, Research, and Current Directions,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 55, ed. James M. Olson (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2017), 81–136.
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cognitive behavioral psychotherapies: Steven C. Hayes and Stefan G. Hofmann, Process-Based CBT: The Science and Core Clinical Competencies of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, 2018); Steven C. Hayes and Stefan G. Hofmann, “The Future of Intervention Science: Process-Based Therapy,” Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 1 (2019): 37–50; Michael E. Levin et al., “The Impact of Treatment Components Suggested by the Psychological Flexibility Model: A Meta-Analysis of Laboratory-Based Component Studies,” Behavior Therapy 43, no. 4 (2012): 741–56.
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talking to yourself in the third person: Igor Grossmann, “Wisdom in Context,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, no. 2 (2017): 233–57; Ethan Kross and Özlem Ayduk, “Making Meaning Out of Negative Experiences by Self-Distancing,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, no. 3 (2011): 187–91.
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a “fly on the wall” observing: Kanye West, hip-hop billionaire, does it best in interviews with reporters. Here are some excerpts: “I’m sure even a Steve Jobs has compromised. Even a Rick Owens has compromised. You know, even a Kanye West has compromised . . . The idea of Kanye and vanity are like, synonymous . . . I think what Kanye West is going to mean is something similar to what Steve Jobs means” (emphasis added). See Jon Caramanica, “Behind Kanye’s Mask,” New York Times, June 11, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/arts/music/kanye-west-talks-about-his-career-and-album-yeezus.html.
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self-distancing to check in with their emotions: Modification and extension of the commonly used instructions in Ethan Kross et al., “Self-Talk as a Regulatory Mechanism: How You Do It Matters,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106, no. 2 (2014): 304–24.
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modifying self-talk: Igor Grossmann and Ethan Kross, “Exploring Solomon’s Paradox: Self-Distancing Eliminates the Self-Other Asymmetry in Wise Reasoning about Close Relationships in Younger and Older Adults,” Psychological Science 25, no. 8 (2014): 1571–80. Notably, different scientists were able to replicate these findings. See Alex C. Huynh et al., “The Wisdom in Virtue: Pursuit of Virtue Predicts Wise Reasoning about Personal Conflicts,” Psychological Science 28, no. 12 (2017): 1848–56.
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greater relationship satisfaction: Eli J. Finkel et al., “A Brief Intervention to Promote Conflict Reappraisal Preserves Marital Quality over Time,” Psychological Science 24, no. 8 (2013): 1595–1601.
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Soldiers in the military also adopt self-distancing: A lieutenant general who wishes to remain anonymous, personal communications with the author, July 2019–May 2020. Teams often laugh when doing “after action reviews” (AAR). With practice, they become an ingrained habit. The awkwardness and the effectiveness are a combination that bonds officers and enlisted soldiers together.
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Minimize decisions that you will later regret: For modification and extension of instructions that are widely used in the psychological distance literature, see Emma Bruehlman-Senecal, Özlem Ayduk, and Oliver P. John, “Taking the Long View: Implications of Individual Differences in Temporal Distancing for Affect, Stress Reactivity, and Well-Being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 111, no. 4 (2016): 610–35.
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Linguistic shifts in self-talk: Ariana Orvell et al., “Linguistic Shifts: A Relatively Effortless Route to Emotion Regulation?,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (2019): 567–73.
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deal better with emotionally intense events: Here is a sampling of studies supporting these statements: Özlem Ayduk and Ethan Kross, “From a Distance: Implications of Spontaneous Self-Distancing for Adaptive Self-Reflection,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 5 (2010): 809–29; Özlem Ayduk and Ethan Kross, “Enhancing the Pace of Recovery: Self-Distanced Analysis of Negative Experiences Reduces Blood Pressure Reactivity,” Psychological Science 19, no. 3 (2008): 229–31; Anna Dorfman et al., “Self-Distancing Promotes Positive Emotional Change after Adversity: Evidence from a Micro-Longitudinal Field Experiment,” Journal of Personality 89, no. 1 (2021): 132–44; Ethan Kross, Özlem Ayduk, and Walter Mischel, “When Asking ‘Why’ Does Not Hurt Distinguishing Rumination from Reflective Processing of Negative Emotions,” Psychological Science 16, no. 9 (2005): 709–15; Jason S. Moser et al., “Third-Person Self-Talk Facilitates Emotion Regulation without Engaging Cognitive Control: Converging Evidence from ERP and fMRI,” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 1–9.
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more intellectually humble and more receptive: Ethan Kross and Igor Grossmann, “Boosting Wisdom: Distance from the Self Enhances Wise Reasoning, Attitudes, and Behavior,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 1 (2012): 43–48.
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more abstract personality descriptions: Izzy Gainsburg and Ethan Kross, “Distanced Self-Talk Changes How People Conceptualize the Self,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 88 (2020) 103969, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103969.
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we think we know more than we do: Ethan Zell and Zlatan Krizan, “Do People Have Insight into Their Abilities? A Metasynthesis,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 9, no. 2 (2014): 111–25.
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makes us feel overly competent: Dan M. Kahan et al., “Motivated Numeracy and Enlightened Self-Government,” Behavioural Public Policy 1, no. 1 (2017): 54–86.
