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participants reminded of their political affiliations: Ian G. Anson, “Partisanship, Political Knowledge, and the Dunning-Kruger Effect,” Political Psychology 39, no. 5 (2018): 1173–92.
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thelesssomeone knows about a topic: David Dunning, “The Dunning–Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One’s Own Ignorance,” in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 44, ed. Mark Zanna and James Olson (San Diego, CA: Elsevier, 2011), 247–96; Joyce Ehrlinger et al., “Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight among the Incompetent,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 105, no. 1 (2008): 98–121.
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Curiosity helps in all kinds of ways: Rachit Dubey and Thomas L. Griffiths, “Reconciling Novelty and Complexity through a Rational Analysis of Curiosity,” Psychological Review 127, no. 3 (2020): 455–76; Todd B. Kashdan et al., “The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer Subscales While Separating Overt and Covert Social Curiosity,” Personality and Individual Differences 157 (2020) 109836, https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/pu8f3; Todd B. Kashdan and Paul J. Silvia, “Curiosity and Interest: The Benefits of Thriving on Novelty and Challenge,” in Handbook of Positive Psychology, vol. 2, ed. Charles R. Synder and Shane J. Lopez (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 367–74; Todd B. Kashdan et al., “The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale: Capturing the Bandwidth of Curiosity and Identifying Four Unique Subgroups of Curious People,” Journal of Research in Personality 73 (2018): 130–49; Celeste Kidd and Benjamin Y. Hayden, “The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity,” Neuron 88, no. 3 (2015): 449–60.
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describe a past experience when they felt curious: There is a paradox in this discovery—being curious is effortful and requires intense concentration yet we feel more energized after exerting this effort. Strong bouts of positivity are not nearly as helpful in replenishing our energy supply as moments of curiosity. The bottom line: if you want grit, get curious. See Dustin B. Thoman, Jessi L. Smith, and Paul J. Silvia, “The Resource Replenishment Function of Interest,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2, no. 6 (2011): 592–99.
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It’s not hard to cultivate more curiosity: Julia A. Minson, Varda Liberman, and Lee Ross, “Two to Tango: Effects of Collaboration and Disagreement on Dyadic Judgment,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 10 (2011): 1325–38.
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explain how their preferred ideas work: Philip M. Fernbach et al., “Explanation Fiends and Foes: How Mechanistic Detail Determines Understanding and Preference,” Journal of Consumer Research 39, no. 5 (2013): 1115–31.
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As philosopher Alain de Botton observes: De Botton, The School of Life.
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“formulating elaboration questions”: Frances S. Chen, Julia A. Minson, and Zakary L. Tormala, “Tell Me More: The Effects of Expressed Interest on Receptiveness during Dialog,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 46, no. 5 (2010): 850–53.
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let go of trying to persuade: Hanne Collins et al., “Why Won’t You Learn about Me? Self-Other Differences in Conversational Goals,” presentation, Society for Personality and Social Psychology Virtual Convention, online, February 9, 2021.
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the questioner became more receptive: Collins et al., “Why Won’t You Learn about Me?”
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more likable and viewed them as more caring: Karen Huang et al., “It Doesn’t Hurt to Ask: Question-Asking Increases Liking,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113, no. 3 (2017): 430–52.
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diving deeper into what other people are interested in: For a truly profound book on the art of asking questions, turn to one of my favorite teachers: Stanier, The Coaching Habit.
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they didn’t query the credibility: New York State Office of the Attorney General, press release, “The New York State Attorney General Andrew M. Cuomo Announces Charges against Former UB Researcher for Hiring Actors to Testify during Misconduct Hearing and Attempting to Siphon $4 Million in Taxpayer Funds,” February 16, 2010, https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2010/new-york-state-attorney-general-andrew-m-cuomo-announces-charges-against-former.
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all African Americans are politically liberal: A concept that a large number of African Americans cannot even accept. See Renée Graham, “Memo to Black Men: Stop Voting Republican,” Boston Globe, November 8, 2018, https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/11/08/memo-black-men-stop-voting-republican/v9kJPzVMQcdr0szp78gumJ/story.html; Vanessa Williams, “What’s Up with All Those Black Men Who Voted for the Republican in the Georgia Governor’s Race?,” Washington Post, November 23, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/11/23/whats-up-with-all-those-black-men-who-voted-republican-georgia-governors-race/; Kenya Evelyn, “How Black Republicans Are Debunking the Myth of a Voter Monolith,” Guardian, March 12, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/12/black-republicans-african-american-voters.
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Republicans unthinkingly support Trump: Maggie Astor, “Trump Pushes Young Republicans Away. Abortion Pulls Them Back,” New York Times, May 6, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/us/politics/young-republicans-trump.html.
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Let’s explore: Kashdan et al., “The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale”; Todd B. Kashdan, “The Five Dimensions of Curiosity,” Harvard Business Review (Sept.–Oct. 2018): 47–61; Todd B. Kashdan et al., “Curiosity Has Comprehensive Benefits in the Workplace: Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Workplace Curiosity Scale in United States and German Employees,” Personality and Individual Differences 155 (2020) 109717, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109717.
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resist the temptation to categorize people: Todd B. Kashdan et al., “How Are Curious People Viewed and How Do They Behave in Social Situations? From the Perspectives of Self, Friends, Parents, and Unacquainted Observers,” Journal of Personality 81, no. 2 (2013): 142–54.
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consider these three potential perpetrators: Benoît Monin, Pamela J. Sawyer, and Matthew J. Marquez, “The Rejection of Moral Rebels: Resenting Those Who Do the Right Thing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 1 (2008): 76–93. For a replication of this study, see Kieran O’Connor and Benoît Monin, “When Principled Deviance Becomes Moral Threat: Testing Alternative Mechanisms for the Rejection of Moral Rebels,” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 19, no. 5 (2016): 676–93.
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we might call “deliberate humility”: Monin, Sawyer, and Marquez, “The Rejection of Moral Rebels.”
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Deliberate humility also helps: For definitions of intellectual humility, see Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso and Steven V. Rouse, “The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale,” Journal of Personality Assessment 98, no. 2 (2016): 209–21; Mark R. Leary et al., “Cognitive and Interpersonal Features of Intellectual Humility,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 6 (2017): 793–813; Benjamin R. Meagher et al., “Contrasting Self-Report and Consensus Ratings of Intellectual Humility and Arrogance,” Journal of Research in Personality 58 (2015): 35–45; Stacey E. McElroy-Heltzel et al., “Embarrassment of Riches in the Measurement of Humility: A Critical Review of 22 Measures,” Journal of Positive Psychology 14, no. 3 (2019): 393–404.
