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intellectual humility serves to boost our wisdom: Grossmann, “Wisdom in Context”; Henri C. Santos, Alex C. Huynh, and Igor Grossmann, “Wisdom in a Complex World: A Situated Account of Wise Reasoning and Its Development,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 11, no. 10 (2017): e12341, https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12341.
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humility can make us more open to divergent ideas: From the PROVE workbook, which has been shown to be an effective intervention. PROVE is an acronym for the steps: First, Pick a time when you showed a lack of humility. Second, Remember to situate your knowledge, skills, and achievements within the larger picture—you are not as important or significant as believed. Third, Open yourself to the wisdom of being around people who think differently and be adaptable (replacing tried-and-true ways with other ways when relevant). Fourth, Value what is happening that is not directly involving or linked to you. Fifth, Examine your limitations and commit to a humble approach to communicating with others. See Caroline R. Lavelock et al., “The Quiet Virtue Speaks: An Intervention to Promote Humility,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 42, no. 1 (2014): 99–110.
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contemplation and self-questioning really works: The findings by Lavelock et al., “The Quiet Virtue Speaks,” were extended and replicated. See Caroline R. Lavelock et al., “Still Waters Run Deep: Humility as a Master Virtue,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 45, no. 4 (2017): 286–303. Similar findings exist in trying to increase intellectual humility when there is a conflict between two groups differing in cultural beliefs. See Benjamin R. Meagher et al., “An Intellectually Humbling Experience: Changes in Interpersonal Perception and Cultural Reasoning across a Five-Week Course,” Journal of Psychology and Theology 47, no. 3 (2019): 217–29.
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In studies conducted at six different universities: Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso et al., “Links between Intellectual Humility and Acquiring Knowledge,” Journal of Positive Psychology 15, no. 2 (2020): 155–70.
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CHAPTER 9: EXTRACT WISDOM FROM “WEIRDOS”
Congress repealed decades-old legislation: Kristy N. Kamarck, Women in Combat: Issues for Congress (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service Report Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress, December 13, 2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42075.pdf; Eric Schmitt, “Senate Votes to Remove Ban on Women as Combat Pilots,” New York Times, August 1, 1991.
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the Judge Advocate General: Victoria L. Sadler, “Military Reports and the Problem with Technological Agency,” Discourse and Writing/Rédactologie 22, no. 1 (2008): 72–85.
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leaked an internal investigation: From a 2002 U.S. District Court case in the District of Columbia between Carey Dunai LOHRENZ Plaintiff v. Elaine DONNELLY, et al. Defendants. See Royce C. Lamberth, “Lohrenz v. Donnelly, 223 F. Supp. 2d 25 (D.D.C. 2002),” Court Listener, August 16, 2002, https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2345633/lohrenz-v-donnelly/.
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pilot error caused Hultgreen’s death: H. G. Reza, “Navy Pilot’s Errors Contributed to Fatal Crash, Report Says,” Los Angeles Times, March 22, 1995, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-22-mn-45801-story.html; Philip Kaplan, Naval Air: Celebrating a Century of Naval Flying (South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword, 2013).
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Lieutenant Hultgreen’s training transcript: Center for Military Readiness, “Double Standards in Naval Aviation,” CMR Report, June 1995, https://www.cmrlink.org/data/Sites/85/CMRDocuments/CMRRPT09-0695.pdf; William H. McMichael, “A Question of Standards,” Daily Press, December 14, 1997, https://www.dailypress.com/ news/dp-xpm-19971214-1997-12-14-9712140060-story.html.
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“old men ordering young women into combat”: Alice W. W. Parham, “The Quiet Revolution: Repeal of the Exclusionary Statutes in Combat Aviation—What We Have Learned from a Decade of Integration,” William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law 12 (2006): 377–40.
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designed to fit the physical dimensions of men: NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, “A Century of Trends in Adult Human Height,” eLife 5 (2016), https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410; Caroline Criado-Perez, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (London: Chatto & Windus, 2019); Todd Rose, The End of Average: How We Succeed in a World That Values Sameness (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
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“they should want the best person for the job”: Michael Kirk, dir., “The Navy Blues,” Frontline, show #1502, PBS, aired Oct. 15, 1996, transcript, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/navy/script.html.
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“slide through on a lower standard”: New York Times News Service, “Female Combat Pilot’s Death Sparks Debate,” Chicago Tribune, October 30, 1994, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-10-30-9410300206-story.html.
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He risked his twenty-eight-year military career: R. Greiner, “Navy Whistle-blower Leaked Records of Female-pilot Errors,” 1997, https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20000517/navy-whistle-blower-leaked-records-of-female-pilot.
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“this is not doing a service to anybody”: Greiner, “Navy Whistle-blower Leaked.”
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little relationship between such diversity in a group: Suzanne T. Bell et al., “Getting Specific about Demographic Diversity Variable and Team Performance Relationships: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Management 37, no. 3 (2011): 709–43; Clint A. Bowers, James A. Pharmer, and Eduardo Salas, “When Member Homogeneity Is Needed in Work Teams: A Meta-Analysis,” Small Group Research 31, no. 3 (2000): 305–27; Sujin K. Horwitz and Irwin B. Horwitz, “The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography,” Journal of Management 33, no. 6 (2007): 987–1015; Sheila Simsarian Webber and Lisa M. Donahue, “Impact of Highly and Less Job-Related Diversity on Work Group Cohesion and Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Management 27, no. 2 (2001): 141–62.
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minimally impact group performance: Hans Van Dijk, Marloes L. Van Engen, and Daan Van Knippenberg, “Defying Conventional Wisdom: A Meta-Analytical Examination of the Differences between Demographic and Job-Related Diversity Relationships with Performance,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 119, no. 1 (2012): 38–53.
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“capitalize on the advantages”: Dominic J. Packer, Christopher T. H. Miners, and Nick D. Ungson, “Benefiting from Diversity: How Groups’ Coordinating Mechanisms Affect Leadership Opportunities for Marginalized Individuals,” Journal of Social Issues 74, no. 1 (2018): 56–74.
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diverse people and viewpoints to work for us and them: Elizabeth Mannix and Margaret A. Neale, “What Differences Make a Difference,” 31–55.
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