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12. Ferdinand Ossendowski, Beasts, Men and Gods (New York: Dutton, 1922), 113–21.

13. Andrei Znamenski, “Power of Myth: Popular Nationalism and Nationality-Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922,” Acta Slavica Iaponica 22 (2005): 45 (http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/22/znamenski.pdf).

14. h e conl ict between the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama as well as the story of Panchen’s escape from Tibet is detailed in Melvyn Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 110–20.

15. Ja-Lama at i rst modestly declared himself the grandson of Amursana.

h en, at er his popularity increased, he announced that he was in fact the reincarnation of the legendary prince. For a biography of Ja-Lama in English, see Don Croner, False Lama: h e Life and Death of Dambijantsan (2009), http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/index.html (accessed Aug.

31, 2009). For the most complete account of his life story, consult Golova Dzha-Lamy [Ja-Lama’s Head] (2003) by Inessa Lomakina, a Russian writer and historian of Mongolia.

16. Boris Vladimirtsov, Raboty po istorii i etnograi i mongol’skikh narodov [History and Ethnography of the Mongol People] (Moscow: iz-vo vostochnoi literatury, 2002), 276.

17. Ossendowski, Beasts, Men and Gods, 119.

18. h e German photographer Hermann Consten, who happened to spy for the Russians in and around Kobdo, let a vivid description of the event in Weideplätze der Mongolen [Mongol Pastures] (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1920), 2:214–17.

19. Inessa Lomakina, Groznie makhakaly Vostoka [Avenging Mahakalas of the East] (Moscow: Eksmo-Iauza, 2004), 127, 130.

Chapter Three

1. h e Soviet secret police went through numerous name changes. Originally, it carried the long name Extraordinary Commission for Combating Sabotage and Counterrevolution, which was immediately abbreviated as Cheka.

In the 1920s, it was known at i rst as GPU (State Political Administration) and then as OGPU (Ob’edinnnoe politicheskoe upravlenie, United State Political Administration). For the sake of clarity, I use OGPU.

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2. By 1917, Russian Marxists who wanted to bring Communism to Russia were split into two groups, Mensheviks (people of minority) and Bolsheviks (people of majority). h e Mensheviks, moderate socialists, relied more on parliamentary democratic methods. Lenin and his militant Bolshevik comrades, on the contrary, considered such democratic practices as parlia-ments and elections a bourgeois fraud and worked to bring about a Communist revolution in Russia and beyond.

3. “Iz protokola doprosa G.I. Bokia, May 17, 1937” [Minutes of Interrogation of G. I. Bokii, May 17, 1937], in Andreev, Vremya Shambaly, 210 (see preface, n. 8).

4. Martin McCauley, h e Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union (Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2008), 54; Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: die Geschichte des Stalinismus [Red Terror: History of Stalinism] (Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2003), 28–29.

5. Donald Rayi eld, Stalin and His Hangmen: h e Tyrant and h ose Who Killed for Him (New York: Random House, 2005), 67.

6. Igor Minutko, Iskushenie uchitelia [Master’s Temptation] (Moscow: AST

Press, 2005), 109–12.

7. Andreev, Vremya Shambaly, 76 (see preface, n. 8).

8. “Protokol doprosa A. V. Barchenko, sledovatel’ Ali Kutebarov” [Minutes of Interrogation of A. V. Barchenko, Interrogator Ali Kutebarov], in Oleg Shishkin, Bitva za Gimalaii, 353 (see preface, n. 10).

9. Alexandre Saint-Yves d’Alveydre, “Missia Indii v Evrope” [Mission of India in Europe], in Mezhdu Shambaloi i Agarthoi: orakuly velikoi tainy [Between Shambhala and Agartha: Oracles of Great Mystery], ed. Alexandre Andreev and Oleg Shishkin (Moscow: Eksmo-Iauza, 2005), 59–60.

10. Adolph Erman, Travels in Siberia (London: Longman, 1848), 2:38.

11. Eduard Kudriavtsev, “Novoe ob okkultiste strany Sovetov,” [New Materials about a Soviet Occultist] Neva 12 (2006): 280–81.

12. “Protokol doprosa A. V. Barchenko,” 354.

13. Ibid., 370–71.

14. Anna Viroubova, Memories of the Russian Court (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 358.

15. Vladimir Bekhterev, Collective Rel exology (New Brunswick, NJ: Transac-tion Publishers, 2001).

16. Mikhail Agursky, “An Occult Source of Socialist Realism: Gorky and h eories of h ought Transference,” in h e Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture, 242

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ed. Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 258–59, 263.

17. Current science explains the origin of arctic hysteria by a vitamin D de-i ciency in the bodies of native northerners, who are exposed to lengthy dark winter months; exposure to sunshine, on the contrary, stores vitamin D in human bodies.

18. Andreev, Vremya Shambaly, 93–94 (see preface, n. 8).

19. Ibid., 111.

20. “Protokol doprosa A. V. Barchenko,” 364–65.

21. Turar Ryskulov to Dmitrii Manuil’sky and Grigory Voitinsky, November 1927, RASPH, f. 495, op. 154, d. 24, p. 14.

22. Andreev, Vremya Shambaly, 155 (see preface, n. 8).

23. Alexander Barchenko to Gombojab Tsibikov, May 24, 1927, in Shishkin, Bitva za Gimalaii, 323–24 (see preface, n. 10).

24. Ibid., 319.

25. Ibid., 337, 347.

26. Felix Dzerzhinsky (1877–1926) was a close comrade of Lenin, the creator and i rst head of the Bolshevik secret police, who simultaneously supervised the development of the Soviet economy.

27. Shishkin, Bitva za Gimalaii, 127–29 (see preface, n. 10).

Chapter Four

1. Tatiana Alekseeva and N. Matveev, Dovereno zashchishchat revoliutsiiu [Entrusted to Defend Revolution] (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), 17.

2. Ibid., 59.

3. Tatiana Grekova, Tibetskii lekar’ kremlevskikh vozhdei [Tibetan Healer of Kremlin Chiefs] (St. Petersburg and Moscow: Neva and Olma-Press, 2002), 188.