6. “h e Baku Congress of the Peoples of the East,” in Soviet Russia and the East, 1920–1927: A Documentary Survey, ed. Xenia Joukof Eudin and Robert C. North (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), 165–72.

7. Sarkisyanz, Russland and der Messianismus des Orients, 630 (see preface, n. 1).

8. John Snelling, Buddhism in Russia: h e Story of Agvan Dorzhiev, Lhasa’s Em-issary to the Tzar (Shat esbury, UK: Element, 1993), 198–99.

9. Karl Ernest Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: h e Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 272.

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10. Hambo Agvan Dorzhiev, “Ustav o vnutrennei zhizni monashestvuiushikh v buddiiskikh hidanah Sibiri [1923]” [Life Guidelines for Monks in Siberian Buddhist Monasteries], RASPH, f. 89, op. 4, d. 162, pp. 33–36.

11. Hambo Agvan Dorzhiev, “V narodnii komissariat inostrannikh del RSFSR” [To the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Af airs], May 6, 1923, in Ibid., p. 5.

12. Note the words of Khoren Petrosian, deputy chief of the Eastern Division of OGPU. In 1928, when the split of Buddhists into progressives and conservatives was complete, he stressed in a classii ed memorandum, “We need to continue working to further deepen the schism among conservative monks into smaller groups, thereby killing at birth all their attempts to make an organized stand” (Khoren Petrosian, “O buddiiskikh raionakh

[On Buddhist Areas] [1928],” RASPH, f. 89, op. 4, d. 162, p. 68).

13. P. M. Nikiforov, “Dnevnikovie zapisi P. M. Nikiforova o rabote v Mongolii v kachestve polnomochnogo predstavitelia SSSR, July 1925–Seoptember 1927” [P. M. Nikiforov’s Journal about His Work As a USSR Ambassador in Mongolia], RASPH, f. 144, op. 1, d. 7, p. 46 back.

14. Bina Roy Burman, Religion and Politics in Tibet (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1979), 41; Michael Jerryson, Mongolian Buddhism: h e Rise and Fall of the Sangha (Bangkok: Silkworm Books, 2007), 58, 63.

15. S. M. Murgaev, “Uchastie kalmykov v Bol’shevistskom eksporte revolutsii v stranakh Dal’nego Vostoka (1920)” [Kalmyk Participation in the Export of the Bolshevik Revolution in the Far East], Novyi istoricheskii sbornik [New Historical Symposium] 1 (2006), http://www.nivestnik.ru/2006_1/index.

shtml (accessed April 9, 2010).

16. Both Tuva and the Altai, the southernmost areas of Siberia located on the border with Mongolia, were populated by Turkic-speaking nomads (Buddhists and shamanists) closely related by language and culture.

17. Petrosian, “O buddiiskikh raionakh [1928], supplement ‘Panmongolizm,’”

p. 72.

18. Elbek-Dorji Rinchino, “Doklad E-D. Rinchino na zasedanii TsK MNRP

June 25, 1925” [E-D. Rinchino’s Report at a Meeting of the MNRP Central Committee], in Elbek-Dorji Rinchino o Mongolii, [Elbek-Dorji Rinchino on Mongolia], ed. B. V. Bazarov, B. D. Tsibikov, and S. B. Ochirov (Ulan Ude: institute mongolovedenuia, buddologii i tibetologii, 1998), 104.

19. R. N. Carew Hunt, A Guide to Communist Jargon (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 94.

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20. Terry Martin, h e Ai rmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001), 5.

21. Gerard M. Friters, Outer Mongolia and Its International Position (Balti-more, Johns Hopkins Press, 1949), 130–31.

22. Vladimir Pozner, Bloody Baron: h e Story of Ungern-Sternberg (New York: Random House, 1938); Leonid Yuzefovich, Samoderzhets pustiny: fenom-enon sud’by barona R. F. Ungern-Shternberga [Master of Desert: h e Phe-nomenon of Baron R.F. Ungern-Sternberg] (Moscow: Ellis-lak, 1993); Boris Sokolov, Baron Ungern: chernii vsadnik [Baron Ungern: Black Horseman]

(Moscow: AST-Press, 2006); Evgenii Belov, Baron Ungern fon Shternberg: biograi iaa, ideologiia, voennye pokhody, 1920–1921 [Baron Ungern von Sternberg: Biography, Ideology, Military Campaigns, 1920-1921] (Moscow: Agraf, 2003); James Palmer, h e Bloody White Baron: h e Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia (New York, Basic Books, 2008). Will Sunderland, a historian from the University of Cincinnati, is currently working on a book that promises to become the i rst comprehensive biography of the Mad Baron.

23. Belov, Baron Ungern fon Shternberg, 96.

24. In the 1920s, Toin Lama, a Mongol nationalist leader who fought against Chinese advances in southern (Inner) Mongolia, expressed well this widespread anti-Chinese hatred: “h e past has taught us that only by the rattle of arms and savagery can we prevent the ploughman from violating the freedom of the steppe and the trader from contaminating our manners”

(Henning Haslund-Christensen, Men and Gods in Mongolia [Zayagan]

[New York: Dutton, 1935], 249).

25. “Predskazanie sviashchennosluzhitelia Lubsan Baldan Eshe” [Prophecy of Lobsang Yeshe], in Baron Ungern v dokumentakh i materialakh [Baron Ungern: Documents and Materials], vol. 1, ed. S. L. Kuzmin, (Moscow: KMK, 2004), 150–51.

26. Belov, Baron Ungern fon Shternberg, 120.

27. Sokolov, Baron Ungern, 284.

28. See the texts of these letters in Kuzmin, Baron Ungern, vol. 1, 126–35, 161–69.

29. Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, “Pis’mo glavnokomanduiushchego barona Ungerna, June 1921” [Letter of the Supreme Commander Baron Ungern], RASPH, f., 495, op. 152, d. 15, p. 53.

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30. “Prikaz R. F. Ungerna No. 15 o nastuplenii na Sibir,” in Kuzmin, Baron Ungern, vol. 1, 171. One of the people who composed this embarrassing text was Ossendowski. h e amazed Shumatsky, who interrogated Ungern, asked if he was sure that it was the professor, known for his liberal and socialist leanings. Ungern answered, “I ordered him and he wrote it.” It appears that Ossendowski was so terrii ed of the mad baron that he tried to render the baron’s philosophy as best he could.

31. Boris Shumatsky, “Opros nachal’nika aziatskoi konnoi divizii generala Ungerna, 29 August 1921” [Interrogation of General Ungern, Head of Asian Cavalry Division], RASPH, f. 495, op.154, d. 97, p. 46.

Chapter Six

1. No title [record of the minutes of the meeting of the Mongol-Tibetan Section, October 29, 1920], RASPH, f. 539, op. 152, d. 6, p. 13.

2. “Printsipy deiatel’nosti Mongolo-tibetskogo otdela sektsii vostochnikh narodov” [Guidelines for the Mongol-Tibetan Section of the Eastern Secretariat], RASPH, f. 435, op. 152, d. 6, pp. 25-26; “Instruktsia sotrudniku Mongolo-ti-betskago otdela sektsii vostochnikh narodov” [Instruction for the Agents of the Mongol-Tibetan Section of the Eastern Secretariat], Ibid., pp. 33–33 back.

3. “Protokoly organizatsionnogo zasedania kollegii Mongolo-tibetskogo otdela sektsii vostochnikh narodov Sibburo [Minutes of an Organizational Meeting of the Mongol-Tibetan Section’s Collegium of Eastern Department of the Siberian Bureau], August 20, 1920,” RASPH, f. 435, op. 154, d. 7, p.10;

“Prikaz No. 3 upolnomochennogo III Kommunisticheskogo internatsion-ala na Dal’nem Vostoke [Order No. 3 Issued by a Representative of the Communist International in the Far East], February 18, 1921,” RASPH, f.

435, op. 154, d. 93.

4. “V Montibotdel sekvostnara [To Mongol-Tibetan Section of the Eastern Secretariat], November 29, 1920,” RASPH, f. 435, op. 152, d. 6, p. 18–18

back; “Nedelia ukrepleniia armii [A Weekly Campaign to Strengthen the Army], Kiahkta, June 3, 1920” RASPH, f. 435, op. 152, d. 2, p. 2.

5. Bumochir Dulam and Oyuntungalaq Ayushiin, “Transmission and Source of Prophecy in Contemporary Mongolia,” Mongolian History (May 2007), http://mongolianhistory.blogspot.com/2007/05/transmission-and-source-of-prophecy-in.html (accessed November 1, 2009).

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