petitioned Congress: “Investigation into Lupron Side Effects (Leuprolide Acetate),” Petition2Congress.com petition, accessed July 2, 2023, petition2congress.com/​ctas/​investigation-lupron-side-effects-leuprolide-acetate.

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don’t appear to increase: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Fertility Drugs and Cancer: A Guideline,” Fertility and Sterility 106, no. 7 (2016): 1617–1626, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.fertnstert.2016.08.035.

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may increase a woman’s risk of cancer: Aus Tariq Ali, “Fertility Drugs and Ovarian Cancer,” Current Cancer Drug Targets 18, no. 6 (2018): 567–576, doi.org/​10.2174/​1568009617666170620102049.

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an episode onReveal: Emily Harger and Olivia Merrion, “Is Egg Donation Safe?,” Reveal, June 1, 2017, revealnews.org/​article/​is-egg-donation-safe/.

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Jessica said: Jane E. Brody, “Do Egg Donors Face Long-Term Risks?,” New York Times, July 10, 2017, nytimes.com/​2017/​07/​10/​well/​live/​are-there-long-term-risks-to-egg-donors.html.

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no history of: Center for Bioethics and Culture Network, “Egg Donor Registry Needed,” November 3, 2008, cbc-network.org/​2008/​11/​egg-donor-registry-needed/.

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a multimillion-dollar and poorly regulated industry: Paris Martineau, “Inside the Quietly Lucrative Business of Donating Human Eggs,” Wired, April 23, 2019, wired.com/​story/​inside-lucrative-business-donating-human-eggs/.

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closest statistic I could find: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “2020 Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Clinic and National Summary Report,” 2022, cdc.gov/​art/​reports/​2020/​pdf/​Report-ART-Fertility-Clinic-National-Summary-H.pdf.

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it’s impossible to: Jennifer Schneider, Jennifer Lahl, and Wendy Kramer, “Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk Following Ovarian Stimulation in Young Egg Donors: A Call for Follow-Up, Research and Informed Consent,” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 34, no. 5 (2017): 480–485, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.rbmo.2017.02.003.

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“Better understanding”: Harger and Merrion, “Is Egg Donation Safe?”

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informed consent: Schneider et al., “Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk Following Ovarian Stimulation in Young Egg Donors.”

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“I specifically remember”: Reema Khrais and Alice Wilder, “The Price of Eggs,” This Is Uncomfortable (podcast), produced by Marketplace, May 18, 2023, marketplace.org/​shows/​this-is-uncomfortable-reema-khrais/​the-price-of-eggs/.

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“We have no idea”: Maya Dusenbery, “What We Don’t Know About I.V.F.,” New York Times, April 16, 2020, nytimes.com/​2020/​04/​16/​parenting/​fertility/​ivf-long-term-effects.html.

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Chapter 11

rose nearly 60 percent: This figure is for frozen embryos created using a patient’s own frozen eggs (either they previously froze embryos or they created embryos using their previously frozen eggs), not frozen embryos using donor eggs. The point being, women are increasingly choosing to freeze embryos (using their own eggs with either donor sperm or their partner’s sperm) over just freezing eggs. See Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, “Final National Summary Report for 2020,” 2020, sartcorsonline.com/​CSR/​PublicSnapshotReport?ClinicPKID=0&reportingYear=2020.

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“Freezing my eggs”: Sarah Elizabeth Richards, Motherhood, Rescheduled: The New Frontier of Egg Freezing and the Women Who Tried It (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 59.

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spent $50,000: Sarah Elizabeth Richards, “Why I Froze My Eggs (And You Should, Too),” Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2013, wsj.com/​articles/​SB10001424127887323628004578458882165244260.

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Chapter 12

six more years: Sarah Zhang, “A Woman Gave Birth from an Embryo Frozen for 24 Years,” The Atlantic, November 25, 2017, theatlantic.com/​science/​archive/​2017/​12/​frozen-embryo-ivf-24-years/​548876/.

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longest-frozen embryos: Frozen in 1992, the embryos were in the care of the National Embryo Donation Center and had been created for an anonymous married couple using IVF. Elise Solé, “Oregon Parents Welcome Twins from Donated Embryos Frozen 30 Years Ago,” NBC News, November 22, 2022, nbcnews.com/​news/​us-news/​oregon-parents-welcome-twins-donated-embryos-frozen-30-years-ago-rcna58442.

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“These investments materialize”: Lucy van de Wiel, Freezing Fertility: Oocyte Cryopreservation and the Gender Politics of Aging (New York: New York University Press, 2020), 96.

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“We’ve had ten oocyte thaw cycles”: Margaret Ryan, vice president of Communications at Kindbody, email messages to the author, April 18, 2022, and October 10, 2023.

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“credits private equity”: Anna Louie Sussman, “The Promise and Perils of the New Fertility Entrepreneurs,” New Yorker, May 19, 2021, newyorker.com/​tech/​annals-of-technology/​the-promise-and-perils-of-the-new-fertility-entrepreneurs.

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“volume-driven”: Sussman, “The Promise and Perils of the New Fertility Entrepreneurs.”

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Studies in: Kiri Beilby, Ingrid Dudink, Deanna Kablar, Megan Kaynak, Sanduni Rodrigo, and Karin Hammarberg, “The Quality of Information About Elective Oocyte Cryopreservation (EOC) on Australian Fertility Clinic Websites,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 60, no. 4 (2020): 605–609, doi.org/​10.1111/​ajo.13174; Zeynep B. Gürtin and Emily Tiemann, “The Marketing of Elective Egg Freezing: A Content, Cost and Quality Analysis of UK Fertility Clinic Websites,” Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online 12 (2020): 56–68, doi.org/​10.1016/​j.rbms.2020.10.004.

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more persuasive: Christopher Barbey, “Evidence of Biased Advertising in the Case of Social Egg Freezing,” New Bioethics 23, no. 3 (2017): 195–209, doi.org/​10.1080/​20502877.2017.1396033.

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