fewer children overall: Pew Research Center, “Key Facts About Moms in the U.S.,” May 9, 2023, pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/09/facts-about-u-s-mothers/.
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15 percent to 30 percent: U.S. Census Bureau, “More Women in Early 30s Are Childless,” November 30, 2017, census.gov/library/stories/2017/11/women-early-thirties.html.
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86 percent of American women: Pew Research Center, “They’re Waiting Longer, but U.S. Women Today More Likely to Have Children than a Decade Ago,” January 18, 2018, pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago.
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“refers to any woman”: Pew Research Center, “They’re Waiting Longer.”
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birth rates have declined: U.S. Census Bureau, “Stable Fertility Rates 1990–2019.”
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earnings take a significant hit: Center for Economic Studies, “The Parental Gender Earnings Gap in the United States,” November 2017, www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2017/CES-WP-17-68.pdf.
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only 83 percent: U.S. Department of Labor, “5 Fast Facts: The Gender Wage Gap,” March 14, 2023, blog.dol.gov/2023/03/14/5-fast-facts-the-gender-wage-gap.
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“motherhood penalty”: American Association of University Women, “The Motherhood Penalty,” accessed April 20, 2023, aauw.org/issues/equity/motherhood [inactive].
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“Having a first child”: National Center for Health Statistics, “Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States.”
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about one in five babies: National Center for Health Statistics, “Births: Final Data for 2021.”
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nearly 20 percent: National Center for Health Statistics, “Births: Final Data for 2021.”
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“subsided in 2020”: Sabrina Tavernise, “The U.S. Birthrate Has Dropped Again. The Pandemic May Be Accelerating the Decline,” The New York Times, May 5, 2021, nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/us-birthrate-falls-covid.html.
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nine million babies: Anne-Kristin Kuhnt and Jasmin Passet-Wittig, “Families Formed through Assisted Reproductive Technology: Causes, Experiences, and Consequences in an International Context,” Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online 14 (2022): 289–296, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8907601/.
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nearly 80 percent: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “ART Success Rates: 2021 Preliminary Data,” last modified May 31, 2023, cdc.gov/art/artdata/index.html.
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has been heralded: Julia Calderone, “10 Years of Fertility Advances,” New York Times, April 19, 2020, nytimes.com/2020/04/19/parenting/fertility/fertility-advances.html.
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“If women had the power”: Eig, The Birth of the Pill, 6.
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mid- to late thirties: E. Chronopoulou, C. Raperport, A. Sfakianakis, G. Srivastava, and R. Homburg, “Elective Oocyte Cryopreservation for Age-Related Fertility Decline,” Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 38, no. 5 (2021): 1177–1186, doi.org/10.1007/s10815-021-02072-w.
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“The average age”: Naomi May, “Gen Z Are Freezing Their Eggs. Why?,” Vice, July 20, 2023, vice.com/en/article/bvj7nz/why-gen-z-are-freezing-eggs.
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In 1965, after seeing promising results: James L. Burks, M. Edward Davis, Aimee H. Bakken, and Jerry J. Tomasovic, “Morphologic Evaluation of Frozen Rabbit and Human Ova,” Fertility and Sterility 16, no. 5 (1965): 638–641, doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)35710-7.
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In 1986, in Australia: Christopher Chen, “Pregnancy After Human Oocyte Cryopreservation,” The Lancet 327, no. 8486 (1986): 884–886, doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90989-X.
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