number symbols in 69–70, 92–8, 93, 99, 106, 134, 139, 140, 148–9, 183
Electric Tabulation Machine 204–6, 205
electrical machines 186, 200, 201–2, 204–6, 205, 289
email 218
end point 41, 181, 184–5, 289
ENIAC, University of Pennsylvania 217
Enlightenment 172, 175
Esioh son of Djechensertais 92
Eskimo-Aleut 260
estimate, ability to 289
animals and 3, 11–12, 13–18, 20, 21, 22, 23–5
humans and 11, 19–25, 20, 287
Etruscan 105–6
Europe
abacus in 198
counters and counting boards in 6, 99–133, 103, 113, 122, 125, 126, 128, 288
Homo sapiens enter 43
number symbols from India/Arabic numerals and 134, 156, 157–81, 163, 167, 178, 288
Palaeolithic cave art 44–6, 45, 47–56, 47
even numbers 36, 152, 192
Everett, Daniel L. 279–81, 283–4
exchequer, English 129, 165
experimental trials 175
Ezra, Abraham ibn 160
Fertile Crescent, invention and use of number symbols in 6, 69–98, 99, 186, 254. See also individual nation name
fertility calendar 46
finger counting
cave art and 1, 36, 47–56, 47
counting boards and 132
finger gnosia and 49
Groote Eylandt 230, 233
Mayan 273
New Guinea body-tallies and 237–8, 239, 240, 242, 243
origins of 6, 31, 36, 47–56, 47, 60, 61, 62, 64, 287
persistence of 289
Pirahã and 281
Roman finger-counting system 112–17, 113, 219
Sumerian 73, 79
Yup’ik 260
fish
