effort in, 86, 181– 182; errors
testing groups, 230– 231
in, 91– 92, 101; generation
Peer review, 127
effect in, 87– 88, 94, 208– 209;
Penny memory test, 12– 13,
interleaved practice in, 49– 50,
258n7
264n4; mental models in, 120;
Per for mance: attributions of,
praise affecting, 181– 182; by
180– 182; in deliberate
rule learners and example
practice, 183– 185; expert
learners, 156– 157; transfer
( See Expert per for mance);
of learning in, 157, 278n14
goals on, compared to learning
Proust, Marcel, 79
goals, 180– 181; in growth
Psychology students, 211;
mindset, 179– 183; self-
illusion of mastery of, 16;
discipline, grit, and per sis tence
mnemonic devices used by,
required for, 182, 183, 199
163, 186, 191– 194, 211;
Pi lot training, 1– 2, 10– 12, 19,
spaced retrieval practice of,
169; and China Airlines
216– 217; writing- to- learn
incident, 106– 109, 271n3;
strategy used by, 89– 90
refl ection in, 223; testing as
retrieval practice in, 20
Qstream training platform, 240
Plant classifi cation, learning of,
Quizzing. See Testing
96– 98
Plasticity of brain, 66, 142,
