Fertile Crescent and 6, 68–98, 75, 89, 93

finger counting and 49, 113–14

Greek 99, 104–6, 107, 109, 110, 112, 136

machines and 186, 220

Mayan 276–7

Micronesian 249

number sense and 11, 22–3

Oceania and 5, 226, 230, 243, 246–8

Oksapmin 235, 237–8, 239, 240, 242–3

Pacific see Pacific

Pirahã 281–2, 284–5

proto-Austronesian 251–2

Roman 113–14

Sanskrit 136–56, 155

Tongan 2, 246–8

verbal synonyms for 139–40

Yup’ik 260–1

numeration 168–70, 181

numerology 63

Nunalleq, Alaska 255–7, 255

Nuremberg 131

Oceania 5–6, 225–52. See also individual nation name

odd numbers 152, 239

Oksapmin 236–43, 237, 252

olive-shell beads 264

Oxwitik 271–8

Pacific 6, 188, 225–52, 254, 262

Ayangkidarrba counting eggs in 6, 227–34, 228

deep human history in 226

diversity in 226

Oksapmin body tallies 235–43, 237

Tonga, counting leaves in 244–52, 245

See also individual nation name

Pacioli, Luca 117

Palaeolithic Europe 44, 50, 53, 54

palm leaf 140, 144–5

pandanus leaves 236, 244–50, 245

paper

Arabic numerals on 132–3, 140, 142, 150–2, 154, 181, 184–5, 288

Brahmi numerals on 140, 150–2

calculation on, origins of 132–3, 140, 142, 150–2, 154, 181, 184–5, 288

census and 207–8, 213

counting boards and 158, 165

digital technology and 224

origins of 150

place-value system of number symbols 141–2

soroban calculation and 200, 202

The Account Keeper (Maes) and 166–72, 167, 171, 191

papyrus 88–9, 92, 94, 96

parchment 88–9, 124, 162, 163, 164, 181